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《明宣府镇城的建置及其演变＊》

　　　　　Ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ　ａｎｄ　Ｅｖｏｌｖｅｍｅｎｔ　ｏｆ　Ｘｕａｎｆｕ－Ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ
作　　者：王琳峰 张玉坤
　　　　　（Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ　ｏｆ　Ａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅ，Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ　Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ＴｉａｎＪｉｎ　３０００７２，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
出　　处：史学月刊 2010年第11期
发表时间：2010-00-00
分 类 号：Ｋ２４８
文　　摘：
以明代宣府镇城为例，研究明长城“九边”防御体系中最高级别的防御设施镇城的建置、功能及演变。依据历史资料推测出宣府镇城的空间功能构成图，还原其历史空间。从其最初建置、战略选址、功能构成、形态演变和精神层面等角度进行解析：宣府镇城的建制及演变受到自然条件、边防形势、经济生活以及礼法与社会观念等因素的共同影响。从防御效果看，“固若金汤”依靠的不仅仅是防御体系的设置和防御设施的构筑，还需要考虑军事实力、防御战、人心向背等诸多因素。
关 键 词：明朝 宣府镇城 建置 演变 影响因素
正　　文：
　　明长城沿线的“九边”重镇，从军事层面上看，是“九边”重镇的设置及各镇的层级组织机构；从物质层面上看，是具有严密层级的依托长城及其沿线聚落的军事防御工程设施。长城沿线军事聚落在北边资源供给、兵力调配上的作用和重要性远大于长城墙体。从整体角 ……
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参考文献：
参考文献：
＊ 本文系国家自然科学基金项目“明长城军事防御性聚落与防御体系基础性研究”（项目号５０５７８１０５）、教育部博士学科点专项科研基金“中国传统防御性聚落基础研究”（项目号２００７００５６０５３）的阶段成果。
以明长城为主的军事制度类论述，主要有谭其骧的《释明代都司卫所制度》（《禹贡》１９３５年７月第３卷第１０期，收入氏著《长水集》，人民出版社１９９４年版）、南炳
文的《明初军制初探》（《南开史学》１９８３年第１、２期）、马楚坚的《明清边政与治乱》（天津人民出版社１９８４年版）、〔日〕山崎清一的《明代兵制的研究》（《历史学研究》９４号，１９４１年）、华夏子的《明长城考实》（档案出版社１９８８年版）、余同元的《明代九边论述》（《安徽师范大学学报》１９８９年第２期）、李荣庆的《明代武职袭替制度述论》（《郑州大学学报》１９９０年第１期）、李长弓的《明代驿传役研究》（博士学位论文）（厦门大学人文学院历史学系１９９１年）、罗东阳的《明代兵备初探》
（《东北师大学报》１９９４年第１期）、靳润成的《明朝总督巡抚辖区研究》（天津古籍出版社１９９６年版）、肖立军的《明代中后期九边兵制研究》（吉林人民出版社
２００１年版）、董耀会的《瓦合集———长城研究文论》（科学出版社２００４年版）、郭红和于翠艳的《明代都司卫所制度与军管型政区》（《军事历史研究》２００４年第４期）、于墨颖的《明蒙关系研究———以明蒙双边政策及明朝对蒙古的防御为中心》（博士学位论文）（内蒙古大学民族学与社会学学院２００４年）、赵现海的《明代九边军镇体制研究》（博士学位论文）（东北师范大学明清史研究所２００５年）等。军屯边垦和互市贸易类文章，主要有朱庆永的《明代九边军饷》（《大公报》，１９３５年９月８日，“经济周刊”）、李龙潜的《明代军屯制度的组织形式》（《历史教学》１９６２年第１２期）、王毓铨的《明代的军屯》（中华书局１９６５年版）、全汉昇的《明代北边米粮价格的变动》（香港《新亚学报》１９７０年第９卷第２期）、李三谋的《明代边防与边垦》（《中国边疆史地研
究》１９９５年第４期）、张萍的《明代陕北蒙汉边界区军事城镇的商业化》（《民族研究》２００３年第６期）等。人口变迁与文化演变类文章，主要有余同元的《明代长城文化带形成与演变》（《烟台大学学报》１９９０ 年第３期）、郭红的《明代卫所移民与地域文化的变迁》（《中国历史地理论丛》２００３年第２期）等。
②自然地理类的论述，主要有顾琳的《明清时期榆林城遭受流沙侵袭的历史记录及其原因的初步分析》（《中国历史地理论丛》２００３年第４期）等。人文地理方面的论述主要有史念海的《西北地区诸长城的分布及其历史军事地理》（《中国历史地理论丛》１９９４年第３辑）等。
③长城及设防聚落的研究成果，多集中于对远古时期的研究，如严文明的《中国环壕聚落的演变》（《国学研究》第２卷，北京大学出版社１９９４年版）、刘辉的《史前聚落与考古遗址》（《东南文化》２０００年第５期）、钱耀鹏的《中国史前防御设施的社会意义考察》（《华夏考古》２００３年第３期）等。
④罗哲文：《长城》，北京出版社１９８２年版；《失去的建筑》，中国建筑工业出版社2002年版。
⑤《中国军事史》编写组：《中国军事史》第６卷（兵垒），解放军出版社１９９１年版。
⑥长城军事聚落研究的相关论文，主要有李严的《榆林地区明长城军事堡寨聚落研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００４年）、李哲的《山西省雁北地区明代军事防御性聚落探析》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、倪晶的《明宣府镇长城军事堡寨聚落研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、张曦沐的《明长城居庸关研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００５年）、李贞娥的《长城山西镇段沿线明代城堡建筑研究》（硕士学位论文）（清华大学建筑学院２００５年）、李严的《明长城“九边”重镇军事防御性聚落研究》（博士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００７年）、
薛原的《资源、经济角度下明代长城沿线军事聚落变迁研究》（硕士学位论文）（天津大学建筑学院２００７年）、吴晶晶的《陕西高家堡古镇空间形态演进及其用地结构研究》（硕士学位论文）（西安建筑科技大学建筑学院２００８年）以及陈喆、董明晋、戴俭的《北京地区长城沿线戍边城堡形态特征与保护策略探析》（《建筑学报》２００８年第３期）等。

①杨时宁编：《宣大山西三镇图说》，玄览堂丛书本，江苏广陵古籍刻印社１９８６年版。
②申时行、赵用贤等纂修：《大明会典》卷一二六《镇戍一》，明万历十五年修，全国图书馆文献缩微中心，２００１年。

①杨润平：《明宣府镇的长城防务》，《张家口职业技术学院学报》２０００年第１１期。
②④　宣化县地方志编撰委员会：《宣化县志》，河北人民出版社１９９３年版，第１１～１２、１１～１３页。
③霍冀：《九边图说》，于默颖、薄音湖：《明代蒙古汉籍史料汇编》第２辑，内蒙古大学出版社２００７年版，第３５页。
⑤陈韶旭、薛志清：《明朝中前期宣府镇在北部边疆的重要地位和作用》，《河北北方学院学报》２００６年第５期。
⑥程道生：《九边图考•宣府》，民国８年石印本，第３３页。
⑦郭璞：《古本葬经•内篇》卷一，《津逮秘书》第４集，上海博古斋民国１１年版。

①王娟、王军：《中国古代农耕社会村落选址及其风水景观模式》，《西安建筑科技大学学报》２００５年第３期。
②孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，明嘉靖本，新修方志丛刊，台北，学生书局１９６９年影印，第７５页。
③李筌：《神机制敌太白阴经》卷二《人谋下•地势篇第十九》，丛书集成初编本。
④王其亨：《风水理论研究》，天津大学出版社２００５年版，第３８页图１。
⑤顾祖禹撰，贺次君、施和金点校：《读史方舆纪要》卷一八《北直九》，中国古代地理总志丛刊，中华书局２００５年版。
⑥于谦：《少保于公奏议》卷一《北伐类•兵部为边务事》，丛书集成续编本。
⑦陈坦纂修：《宣化县志》，清康熙五十年刻本，全国图书馆文献缩微中心，１９９０年。
⑧陈继曾、陈时隽、郭维城修纂：《宣化县新志》，民国１１年铅印本，新修方志丛刊，台北，学生书局１９６７年影印。

①２００９年１月，作者于宣化古城调研时，拍摄“宣化古城旅游景区导览图”，并据此绘制图６“宣化古城现存景点分布图”。
②王毓铨：《明代的军屯》，中华书局２００９年再版本，第１８６～１８７页。
③孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第７５页。

①宣化县地方志编撰委员会：《宣化县志》，第１２页。
②狄志惠：《京西第一府———宣化》，《城乡建设》２００７年第４期。

①镇国府位置的确定，参考了张连仲《宣化皇城溯源》
（http://php.ynety.cn/news/news_more.asp?lm2=102,2008-10-11/2008-12-09）一文。
②孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第８９页。

①由于无从找到明代宣府城池图，此图以清代《宣化府志》中的“宣府城郭图”为底本，并结合文献资料记载绘制而成，以揭示寺庙存在的相对位置和数目。
②明代宣府镇志中记载的寺庙、祭祀建筑的数目多于图９中所标示的数目。
③⑤　孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第１６６、１０８页。
④陈韶旭、薛志清：《明朝中前期宣府镇在北部边疆的重要地位和作用》。
⑤陈韶旭、王凯东、冶治江：《明朝政府对宣府地方经济的扶植政策及影响》，《张家口师专学报》２００３年第５期。

①孙世芳纂修：《宣府镇志》，第８９页。
②刘景纯：《宣德至万历年间蒙古诸部侵扰九边的时间分布与地域变迁》，《中国边疆史地研究》2009年第6期。
③《明武宗实录》卷一一四，正德九年七月乙丑，台北，中研院历史语言研究所1962年影校本。
④《明英宗实录》卷一八一，正统十四年八月庚戌，台北，中研院历史语言研究所1962年影校本。
⑤古城春晓：《李自成智取宣府》，《张家口晚报》，2008年10月27日，第Ａ１６版。
⑥李筌：《神机制敌太白阴经》卷二《人谋下•地势篇第十九》。
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AAS induces intracellular androgenic actions that stimulate gene cascades essential for
cellular homeostasis. Additionally, AAS administration is linked
to transient elevations in serum enzymes, corresponding to aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), which indicate hepatocellular harm (Hartgens and Kuipers, 2004, Petrovic et al., 2022).

The use of nandrolone decanoate in rats for six- and twelve weeks elevated AST and ALT, regardless of the dose and period of
use (Salem and Alnahdi, 2020). The overload of AAS impairs main liver features, resulting in hepatotoxicity (Marocolo et al., 2018).
AAS presence in liver tissue increases oxidative stress and mitochondrial oxidation, producing an imbalance between free radical manufacturing and the integrity of the cellular framework, ultimately causing
liver damage (Arazi et al., 2017). Antioxidants
have proven protecting effects against AAS-induced hepatotoxicity (Frankenfeld
et al., 2014). Stanozolol, an artificial spinoff of testosterone (Dodge
and Hoagland, 2011), is a white crystalline substance soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, and
dimethylformamide (Lemma et al., 2017).
The examine population included in our review is representative of
the present real-world epidemic of AAS use in society whereby athletes as well as newbie individuals are taking many drugs in supraphysiologic doses with out medical supervision. Though a lot of
the studies report normalisation of the hormonal milieu by 1 12
months of AAS abstinence, Coxon[42] reported a case of hypogonadism persisting 3 years after stopping AAS.
Similarly, Boregowda et al.[41] reported a 40-year-old male who developed extended and
irreversible gonadal failure and infertility after AAS use.
This patient presented with erectile dysfunction and
secondary gonadal failure in the form of low ranges of FSH, LH
and TT 2 years after stopping AAS. Flanagan and Lehtihet[17] reported dysfunction of hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) within the form
of attenuated response to gonadotrophic releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation exams despite an AAS washout period of 7 months.
Urhausen et al.[24] also reported restoration of HPG axis hormones over 1 year of stopping AAS.

This means a girl taking Anavar might experience irregular intervals or even absence
of them fully because of adjustments made to their endocrine system.
In addition to ovulation disruption, the quality of the eggs can also be compromised.
Hormonal imbalances can have an effect on the setting
by which eggs mature, doubtlessly leading to poor egg quality.
This can additional scale back the likelihood of successful conception and increase the risk of miscarriage.
Given its properties, testosterone is in the WADA listing of prohibited substances,
and therefore athletes in want of remedy ought to acquire a Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE) in accordance with the WADA standards by the
respective NADO. To prevent misuse, each clinicians and
athletes should respect the official therapeutic indications and approved formulations/doses [37].


References:


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ε•�㡕Ɠ���ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Edwina (2025-11-01 04:20:30)
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ε•�㡕Ɠ���ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Jerri (2025-10-31 19:30:32)
Здравствуйте, коллеги! Сегодня хочу поднять интересную тему — сервисы построения маршрутов из города А в город Б.
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ε•�㡕Ɠ���ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Edmundo (2025-10-31 19:04:52)
The time course and components affecting HPGA restoration after cessation of use are poorly characterised.
A few stories within the literature have linked AAS use to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (169–171).
FSGS is a histopathological discovering marked by glomerular
lesions, mediated by diverse insults directed to, or inherent within, the podocytes (172).
Herlitz et al. have been the first to current a case
collection of 9 sufferers who developed FSGS after prolonged AAS use (169).
A tenth affected person described in their
publication had no discrete lesions of segmental sclerosis however did have glomerulomegaly.
All patients presented with proteinuria (mean 10.1 g/d; vary
1.3–26.three g/d) and all but one presented with elevated serum creatinine levels
(mean 265.3 μmol/L (3.0 mg/dL); range 115.0–689.7 μmol/L (1.3–7.eight
mg/dL)).
This is due to its distinctive muscle-building and strength-enhancing effects (similar to Anadrol), yet with slightly fewer unwanted
effects. Dianabol (methandrostenolone) is another powerful bulking compound and essentially the most coveted oral steroid by bodybuilders.
Any excess fluid gained from Anadrol might be flushed out when a cycle finishes and estrogen levels return to
normal. All The Time contemplate your health objectives, cycle planning, and post-cycle therapy earlier than beginning.
If you’re unsure, consult a medical skilled or efficiency coach.

As the slicing phase follows the bulk phase, going above your ideal body weight is believed to make subsequent fat loss easier.
The maintenance/induction section is recommended for weeks one to 4 with
caloric consumption ranges of 18 occasions your
body weight in kilos. It’s designed to allow your physique to
turn into accustomed to the low-carb intake initially of the food plan and is used as a maintenance
level throughout.
In the United States, an AAS is a schedule III controlled substance obtainable
solely by prescription. The use of those medication is only legal when a medical skilled prescribes them.
Healthcare professionals use some forms of steroids in medical remedy.
For example, corticosteroids may help people with bronchial
asthma breathe by reducing irritation within the airways.
According to the Nationwide Institute on Drug Abuse
(NIDA), continuous use of AASs can lead to issues similar to tolerance,
that means an individual wants greater doses to attain the same results.
They might even cause the body to stop producing its personal
testosterone.
There are worries concerning the quality and safety of anabolic steroids that are offered on the black market,
with falsified, substandard and counterfeit anabolic steroids not being
uncommon. Anavar solely produces average increases
in lean mass; hence, why it’s used for chopping.
Its capability to burn subcutaneous fat is
surpassed by few steroids because of its profound impact on T3 (triiodothyronine) ranges.

The result of all of this is that "juice" refers to any liquid and its effects.
The origin of the word when specifically referencing steroids, is
likely never to be discovered. And because all ranges of sports
activities — from high school to the pros — check athletes for
steroid use, there is a good probability the particular person will get caught.
Then, they will face plenty of embarrassment and could be banned from the sport.
Rather than fruitlessly fighting progress, critics imagine sports ought to embrace enhancement under medical supervision for fairness
and security. Such regulated doping may evolve sports activities into a battle of expertise and innovation somewhat
than simply natural physiques. The info and supplies contained on this website aren't
intended to constitute a comprehensive information concerning all
aspects of the therapy, product or remedy described on the website.

Some AASs solely have medicinal makes use of, such as testosterone undecanoate (Nebido).
Oxymetholone (Anadrol) is an example of a steroid with both medicinal and performance uses.
Corticosteroids are basic steroid medicines that cut back inflammation and dampen the exercise of your
immune system. They're lab-made to work like cortisol, a hormone made
by your adrenal glands. The emergency and referral sources listed above are
available to people situated in the Usa and are not operated by the Nationwide Institute on Drug Abuse
(NIDA). NIDA is a biomedical research group
and does not present personalized medical recommendation, treatment, counseling,
or legal consultation. Information provided by NIDA isn't an different
selection to professional medical care or legal
consultation.
In the HAARLEM examine, LDL-cholesterol elevated by 0.45 mmol/L in contrast with baseline (46).

In doing so, you will need to take observe of blood strain cuff size.
AAS users are more doubtless to have large higher arm circumferences, and an inappropriately small cuff will overestimate blood pressure.
The importance of utilizing an acceptable cuff size
in a muscular inhabitants was underscored in a trial analyzing blood
pressure in a cohort of competitive bodybuilders (96).
In these with an higher arm circumference larger than 33 cm, systolic
blood strain was eight.2 mmHg higher using cuff size M in contrast with cuff measurement
L. As a end result, 33% of the themes would be classified as
hypertensive using the – inappropriate – cuff size M, whereas solely 12% can be categorized as
such using cuff dimension L.
Anabolic steroids, also identified as anabolic-androgenic
steroids, are an artificial variety of the male intercourse hormone often known as testosterone.
Anabolic steroids are steroidal androgens which have testosterone and synthetic androgens.
Blood tests could be carried out to examine the person's present stage
of testosterone and decide whether or not
it's higher than normal. Blood ranges of other reproductive hormones
(such as follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH]) may additionally be measured.
If the testosterone may be very excessive but the FSH and LH levels
are low, this offers proof that the person is using
anabolic steroids. In small doses for brief amounts of time, when their use
is monitored by a physician, anabolic steroids have lower risk of long-term or dangerous unwanted effects.


References:


PedsElite



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ε•�㡕Ɠ���ķѻ府 -- [未验证] Dena (2025-10-31 18:39:18)
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