彭建英：明代羁縻卫所制述论 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《明代羁縻卫所制述论》
　　　　　A Review on the System of Jimi Guarding Post of the Ming Dynasty
作　　者：彭建英
　　　　　彭建英,1971 年生,西北大学文博学院讲师。地址:陕西省西安市,邮编710069。
出　　处：中国边疆史地研究 2004年第14卷
发表时间：2004-09-01
文　　摘：

羁縻卫所制是明朝政府为了实现对西北和东北边疆地区及民族的有效统治,而创设的一种地方管理模式,与同一时期推行于西南地区的土司制有所不同.文章从羁縻卫所的设立、明朝政府的管理措施、羁縻卫所的特点及其历史作用等四个方面,对这一问题进行了分析和探讨.强调指出该项制度的推行和实施,对维持明朝北部边疆的相对稳定,促进边疆民族的交流与融合,起了积极作用.

参考链接：
　　· http://scholar.ilib.cn/Abstract.aspx?A=zgbjsdyj200403003
关键词：明代羁縻卫所边疆地区因俗而治
正　　文：

　　羁縻卫所制是明朝政府为了实现对西北和东北边疆地区及民族的有效统治,而创设的一种地方管理模式,与同一时期推行于西南地区的土司制有所不同。文章从羁縻卫所的设立、明朝政府的管理措施、羁縻卫所的特点及其历史作用等四个方面,对这一问题进行了分析和 ……

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参考文献：

注释：
①载《中国史研究》1983 年第3 期。
②中州书画社1982 年版。
③ 参见《明史》卷90《兵二》。
④ 参见《明史》卷330《西域二》。
⑤《陇右金石录》卷6 。
⑥ 参见《明太祖实录》卷53 ,洪武三年六月戊午。
⑦《明西北归化人世系表》,甘肃省图书馆藏抄本。

⑧⑾⑿⒀ 《明史》卷330《西域二》。
⑨《西宁府新志》卷24《土司》。
⑩《明史纪事本末》卷10《故元遗兵》。
⒁ 罗福颐《: 满洲金石志》志6。

⒂姚广孝等修《: 大明太祖高皇帝实录》,北京图书馆明抄本。
⒃严从简《: 殊域周咨录》卷24《女直》。
⒄《明太宗实录》卷61 ,永乐七年春正月甲辰。
⒅参见《明太宗实录》卷32 ,永乐二年夏六月庚午。
⒆李贤等《: 明一统志》卷89《女直》。
⒇参见《明会典》卷124《兵部七·职方清吏司》。
[21]《明史》卷90《兵二》。
[22]《明史》卷330《西域二》。

[23][24][26][28][30]　《明史》卷330《西域二》。
[25]参见《明宪宗实录》卷185 ,成化十四年十二月戊子。
[27]《明英宗实录》卷137 ,正统十一年春正月己巳。
[29]《明英宗实录》卷121 ,正统九年九月丙子。
[31] 马端临《: 文献通考·自序》第1 册,商务印书馆1936年版。

[32]《明太祖实录》卷151 ,洪武十六年春正月辛酉。
[33]《明史》卷330《西域二》。
[34]《明会典》卷108《朝贡四》。
[35]《明英宗实录》卷58 ,正统四年八月丙子。
[36]《明世宗实录》卷222 ,嘉靖十八年三月己巳。
[37]《明会典》卷153《马政四》。
[38]《明太宗实录》卷71 ,永乐八年秋七月丙寅。
[39] 魏时亮《: 甘肃摘议》《, 明经世文编》卷371。

[40]《明史纪事本末》卷20《设立三卫》。
[41]《明英宗实录》卷142 ,正统十一年六月丁酉。
[42]《明英宗实录》卷138 ,正统十一年二月己亥。
[43][44]《明史》卷330《西域二》。

[45][46]《明史》卷331《西域三》。
[47]王世贞《: 三卫志》;郭造卿《: 卢龙塞略》。
[48]参见高士荣《: 西北土司制度研究》,民族出版社1999年版。
[49] 《明史》卷76《职官五》。

[50]严从简《: 殊域周咨录》卷14。
[51]《敦煌杂抄·关西七卫》卷上。
[52]《哈密志》卷3《舆地志一》。
[53] 青海省编辑组《: 青海藏族蒙古族社会历史调查》,青海人民出版社1985年版。

[54]参见《明世宗实录》卷337 ,嘉靖二十七年六月辛未。
[55]《明世宗实录》卷269 ,嘉靖二十一年十二月丙申。
[56]《明世宗实录》卷271 ,嘉靖二十二年二月壬辰。
[57]《李朝世宗世录》卷77。
[58]毕恭《: 辽东志》卷7引卢琼《东戍闻见录》。
[59]辽宁省档案馆藏明档105 号《定辽后卫经历司呈报经手抽收抚尝夷人银两各项清册》载,万历六年八月建州女直在抚顺关马市11 次出卖粮食。
[60]《明史》卷134《宁正传》。
[61]《西宁府新志》卷8《地理》。
[62]《秦边纪略·西宁边堡》卷1 。
[63] 焦《: 通贡传》。

[64]《明太宗实录》卷33 ,永乐三年正月己丑。
[65]《明孝宗实录》卷150 ,弘治十二年五月辛巳。
[66]《柳边纪略》,转引自滕绍箴《: 明代建州女真人》《, 中央民族学院学报》1979年第1 —2 期。
[67]《河州志》卷1《城池》。
[68]《河州志》卷2《公署》。
[69]《明太祖实录》卷249 ,洪武三十年正月丁丑。
[70]《明太宗实录》卷23 ,永乐元年冬十月辛亥。
[71]《维吾尔族史料简编》上册,第153 页。
[72]《明史》卷332《西域四》。
[73] 严从简：《殊域周咨录》卷12。

[74]《明英宗实录》卷163 ,正统十三年二月丁巳。
[75][76]《明史》卷330《西域二》。
[77]《明太宗实录》卷93 ,永乐十二年秋七月壬申。
[78]《续文献通考》卷14《食货·漕运》。
[79]《明英宗实录》卷145 ,正统十一年九月壬午。

[80]①参见杨建新《: 中国西北少数民族史》,宁夏人民出版社1988年版,第508 —509页。
[81]②《肃镇志》。
[82]③《万历武功录》卷11《王杲传》。
[83]④《燕山君日记》卷17 。
[84]⑤ 程开祜辑《: 筹辽硕画》卷19、卷29 ,北京图书馆善本丛书第1 集。

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Therapy) dose of 100mg weekly, simply to take care of normal physiological perform.

Testosterone in this case is run as a supportive compound somewhat than as a major muscle building
agent of the cycle. In such a case, Anavar’s dose is increased in order to decide up the job of acting as the primary anabolic agent in the cycle.

Due to a rise in exogenous testosterone, girls can turn into hornier on Anavar,
with an elevated want for intercourse. Even if a lady did
expertise such symptoms, they would be reversed after
they came off Anavar. However, this does not apply to the voice; which is a everlasting impact (5).
In which case, if girls did begin to discover decreased breast measurement (for
example), they may decrease their dose to stop additional virilization.
On the flip side, in case your cortisol levels drop considerably, you
can count on enhanced fats burning…and that’s precisely what Anavar does.
By anti-glucocorticoid, which means it reduces cortisol levels considerably.

As at all times, consulting with a healthcare skilled earlier than beginning an Anavar
cycle is essential to make sure safety and effectiveness.
Nevertheless, levels of cholesterol do not sometimes rise to extreme levels in women, because of their natural testosterone production initially being lower than that of a person. Anavar is likely
considered one of the "best steroids" for women’s weight loss, if you’re decided to burn fats, construct muscle,
and maintain your feminine beauty. Anavar will increase power by rising testosterone levels,
however more particularly due to being a DHT spinoff.
Not Like different anabolic steroids, Anavar is quite immune to liver biotransformation. As one
of many least androgenic steroids in the marketplace,
Anavar does not convert estrogen into DHT when taken in small doses.
However, at doses of 100mg or extra, it could start to have an result on hair progress and hair follicles.

This steroid can improve your danger of growing hypertension, which can lead to heart illness and stroke.

Anavar can even improve your LDL (bad) levels of cholesterol and reduce
your HDL (good) levels of cholesterol, which may additional improve your danger of cardiovascular disease.
For occasion, a male who takes Anavar might experience chest pain, shortness of breath, or an irregular heartbeat.
As you make your way via the initial stage of the 4-week cycle, you might observe
some early changes taking root.
For occasion, you may take Anavar for eight weeks and then take a break for four weeks.
This will help to stop your physique from becoming tolerant to the
medicine. In order to get essentially the most out of Anavar, it is very important take it as directed
by your healthcare provider. For occasion, if you're stacking Anavar and Testosterone – we advocate
beginning with 50mg of Anavar and 250mg of Testosterone per week.
If you will stack Anavar, we recommend using it with
different slicing steroids like Winstrol, Clenbuterol, and Testosterone.
For occasion, if you are a beginner and you weigh 200 lbs,
we recommend starting with 40mg of Anavar per
day.

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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Gladis (2025-07-24 12:38:19)

Another necessary trait of Dianabol and maybe some of
the important of all is the relationship it shares with different
anabolic steroids. Dbol as it’s usually known as just isn't
what we’d label as a base steroid. This is not an anabolic
steroid we construct a cycle around, but rather one we add to
a well-planned stack. Dianabol has the ability to create unbelievable synergy when conjoined with different anabolic steroids.
You would have an equivalent amount of whole milligrams of anabolic steroids with or with out bodybuilding dianabol tablets, but
the added Dianabol would supply higher enhancement.

This is as a outcome of the kidneys, and not the liver,
are primarily answerable for metabolizing Anavar.
Nonetheless, we find this to be a smaller percentage in comparability with other C17-aa steroids.
You can find extra steroids to stack with Dianabol on the market at an reasonably priced worth
in our catalog.
Thus, the risk-reward ratio on Anavar is positive for the majority of
our sufferers. Customers seeking significant positive aspects during their
first cycle could cycle Dianabol by itself; however,
testosterone is a much less cardiotoxic and hepatotoxic steroid for novices coveting
muscle hypertrophy. Thus, testosterone is unlikely to strain the liver or increase cholesterol levels
as a lot as Dianabol. The steroid’s change to estrogens is somewhat low when contrasted with testosterone too.

Nonetheless, AI’s shall be far more practical as they may instantly inhibit aromatization and reduce serum estrogen ranges.

Unfortunately, AI’s can negatively have an result on cholesterol,
as can Dianabol, and when conjoined this will prove probably problematic.

If an AI is used cholesterol management will be a precedence,
and it will be attainable. Nonetheless, SERM’s, while not at all times as effective will actually promote healthier
cholesterol levels due to their estrogenic like activity in the liver.
Dianabol cycles are very easy generally of
its application. The use of Dianabol is generally during periods of bulking and
power gaining the place the bodybuilder or athlete just isn't overly
involved with water retention and bloating.

Nevertheless, the next dose in a short six-week cycle will be extra evident.
If a consumer has no desire and equally needs to construct muscle and
burn fat at the same time, maintenance energy may be optimum.
We discover that Anavar customers can drink small amounts of alcohol and never
experience any important hepatic issues. This is due to
Anavar being metabolized by the kidneys, thus causing much less stress
to the liver.
(6) Schroeder, E. T., Zheng, L., Ong, M. D., Martinez, C., Flores, C., Stewart, Y., Azen,
C., & Sattler, F. R. Effects of androgen therapy on adipose tissue and metabolism in older
males. The Journal of medical endocrinology and metabolism,
89(10), 4863–4872.
This is the reason why folks utilizing Dianabol are beneficial to split the
total daily dosage in three and even four "mini doses" taken all through the day, each 6 hours.
Anadrol is an oral compound, like Dianabol, so injections aren't
required. Due to Anadrol’s high toxicity, the
unwanted aspect effects from this stack are commonly deleterious.
Thus, we do not suggest this cycle from a well being standpoint because of the threat of hepatotoxicity and hypertension.
Some competitive bodybuilders will use it early on in a slicing
phase in order to keep fullness, and it will provide lean tissue protection; however, there are better choices.
One drawback with chopping cycle use could be the extent of water retention this steroid can present, which
is normally the final thing you want when chopping.
Such retention can be controlled, and the power for this
steroid to take care of energy could be appreciated,
but there are better options. It was my first
time using the dbol, i take 50mg everyday, I noticed pretty good muscle positive aspects and energy features using it,
I used it for 10 weeks, was more than happy with
it. Underground grade Dianabol is generally bought in the range of $1 –
$1.50 per 50mg tablet ($0.02 – $0.03 per 1mg).
It also assumes no damage was accomplished to the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular-Axis (HPTA) due to improper anabolic steroid use.
For this reason, most are inspired to implement a Post Cycle Remedy (PCT)
plan after anabolic steroid use. Such a plan will
commonly embody the SERM’s Nolvadex and Clomid,
and sometimes additional HCG.
This cycle is often utilized by users who have taken steroids previously, together with Dianabol, without experiencing excessive deterioration in well
being. In our experience, the inclusion of Deca Durabolin can enhance the
severity of unwanted aspect effects, albeit in a more manageable method
than other anabolic steroids. Unlike most of the different highly effective anabolic androgenic
steroids on the market, Dianabol is mainly used in an oral pill kind quite than injections,
although an injectable kind also exists. Its anabolic effects target the protein metabolism; prevents protein degradation and loss and
promote accumulation of proteins in the physique.

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ƭ建Ӣ：ķ�웃�π̹׆& -- [未验证] Hellen (2025-07-24 03:42:27)

Results could range from person to person, and never
everybody will experience the identical degree of success.

In addition to individual responses, components similar to genetics, metabolism, and overall health stage can also
play a role in figuring out outcomes. Therefore, it’s very important to approach Anavar use with a affected person and consistent mindset, specializing in gradual enhancements quite than anticipating in a single day transformation. For greatest outcomes, consistency in each diet and coaching is key, as well as adherence to beneficial dosages and cycle durations (source).
Anavar has turn out to be well-known for fitness enthusiasts seeking to
sharpen their cutting cycles, mainly as a result of its well-documented
capability to promote fats loss while sustaining hard-earned muscle.

The advantages of Anavar could be optimized by following a nutritious
diet and a constant training routine. It is essential to notice that Anavar just isn't a magic capsule and
requires dedication and energy to reach the desired outcomes.

When used responsibly and at the facet of a
fitness plan, Anavar can help customers obtain their bodily goals.
Still, Anavar should be used with warning since there
is a chance of some side effects, together with zits, hair loss, or voice deepening.
It’s crucial for women to exercise vigilance in phrases of the cycle size and dosage to attenuate potential adverse effects.

For individuals thinking about different choices or
considering PCT after Anavar, visit our product page for details
on secure supplementation. Multiple Anavar before and after
footage are one of the best proof that Anavar is effective,safe and potent oral compound.
Significant enhance in natural lubrication when aroused - that was an unexpected and nice aspect effect.
I posted some updates through my cycle, so when you
do a search you presumably can see how things went
along the way for me. Nonetheless, understand that ladies can react
far more delicate to hormones than men are inclined to do,
and due to this fact ought to take the Anavar in a lot smaller amounts.

One of the problems I want to highlight here is that
Anavar can lead to excessive pumps which could be painful at times, especially in the decrease back.
One of one of the best ways to get around this downside is to purchase Anavar which is a one hundred pc authorized different such as ACut from
Brutal Pressure that mimics Anavar without any of its unfavorable unwanted side effects.

Exercise also can enhance lipolysis by facilitating the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids.
The luteal phase can also be when mood swings and irritability are more
than likely to happen, thanks to fluctuations in the
hormones estradiol and progesterone, says Dr.
Haque. "These hormonal shifts immediately have an effect on neurotransmitters like serotonin, doubtlessly leaving you feeling less emotionally resilient. As a end result, generally individuals find their usual coping expertise aren’t as efficient throughout this section," White says.

Sure, Anavar can affect feminine fertility as it impacts the body’s hormones and menstrual
cycle. Nevertheless, with the right use of PCT, fertility ranges ought to
return to normal, and women can conceive as ordinary.
The commonplace rule for Anavar is to have an equal period of time both "on" and
"off" the steroid. Additionally, it is essential to have proper post-cycle remedy or PCT to
maintain optimum well being. We have observed newbies expertise a rise of as a lot as 20% of their lifting efficiency following a cycle of Anavar.
Thus, if users are presently benching 200 pounds, they could be lifting 240 after 6 weeks of supplementation.
Moreover, resistance coaching enhances fat loss
during anavar cycle before and after supplementation due to elevated resting energy expenditure.

It’s important to not exceed these limits, even when you’re looking forward to quicker or more seen results.
Keep In Mind, nice achievements require time, and trying to speed
up the process can result in harmful impacts.
By the time most bodybuilders attain the four-week mark
of their Anavar cycle, the impacts are becoming extra visible and putting.
Whereas the journey remains progressive, the adjustments at this point underline the efficacy of Anavar and its role in shaping one’s physique.
To optimize the benefits of Anavar, it’s typically suggested to take care of
an Anavar cycle for a length of 8-10 weeks.

With this in thoughts, it’s crucial to know
the potential risks and mitigation methods. Anavar, also known as Oxandrolone, draws these seeking to
sculpt their physique without vital weight achieve.

In this article, we’ll dig into authentic Anavar outcomes
and the nuances of its results. When considering purchasing Anavar, it is essential to focus on the authorized
and well being risks concerned. This popular steroid, known for its capability to
help people achieve muscle mass and lose fats, is topic
to specific laws because of the potential for abuse and adverse
unwanted side effects.
This lower dosage helps to reduce back the potential of virilization unwanted
facet effects such as facial hair growth and deepening of the voice.
It can be crucial for female bodybuilders to provoke their Anavar cycle with the lowest dosage and closely monitor any unwanted effects.
A third research, printed within the Nationwide Library of
Medication, examined the results of Anavar on muscle
energy and physique composition in older males. The study discovered that
Anavar therapy resulted in a significant increase in muscle mass and energy, in addition to a
decrease in body fat proportion. One examine printed
within the Nationwide Library of Medicine found that Anavar
was efficient in promoting fats loss in younger men with
low testosterone ranges.
Not just this, it is also doubtless to offer your extra power and delay fatigue so as to
practice harder and longer in the health club. As talked
about above, Anavar is amongst the few anabolics that can be utilized by women. Anavar side effects are comparatively less than different anabolics and women might use
it without fearing virilization.

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