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《伊比利亚文献对长城早期记载一瞥》
　　　　　The Early Record Of The Great Wall In Iberian Archives
作　　者：金国平、吴志良
　　　　　金国平：男，上海市人，葡萄牙东南亚研究中心研究人员，主要从事葡中关系及澳门史研究吴志良：男，广东连平人，新澳门基金会委员，主要从事澳门史研究
出　　处：华中师范大学学报（人文社会科学版） 2006年2期
发表时间：2005-06-22
ＩＳＳＮ：1000-2159
分类号：K248
文　　摘：

近代欧洲西方国家来华的商贾、传教士、旅行家，以葡萄牙人、西班牙人为最早。他们的文字记载中不乏对长城的涉及与描述，因此，伊比利亚文献对于我们了解基督教文化对长城的评价及其在旧世界传播的起始时间具有决定性意义。本文比较详细地爬梳了16-17世纪伊比利亚史料中关于长城的各种记载，分析了几部主要历史著作的史料来源。

关键词：伊比利亚文献 16-17世纪长城
正　　文：

莽莽苍苍，蜿蜒叠宕，宏伟壮观的长城是中华民族的象征。近代欧洲西方国家来华的商贾、传教士、旅行家，以葡萄牙人、西班牙人为最早。他们对中国的文字记载中，不乏对长城的涉及与描述，因此， ……

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参考文献：

[1] 拉法尔·廷迪诺(Raffaella D\'Intino). 中国风物志—十六世纪文献集(Enformacões das Cousas da China)[M]. 里斯本: 官印局—铸币局, 1989.
[2] 金国平. 西力东渐—中葡早期接触追昔·文献注释篇[M]. 澳门: 澳门基金会, 2000.
[3] 路易士·德·卡蒙斯. 卢济塔尼亚人之歌[Z]. 北京: 中国文联出版公司, 1995.
[4] 伯来拉、克路士. 记大明的中国事情[A]. 何高济译. 南明行纪: 海外中国报告[C]. 北京: 中国工人出版社, 2000.
[5] 吴孟雪. 明清时期欧洲人眼中的中国[M]. 北京: 中华书局, 2000.
[6] 黄时鉴，龚缨晏. 马可·波罗与万里长城—兼评《马可·波罗到过中国吗？》[J]. 中国社会科学，1998, (4).
[7] 朱维铮. 利玛窦中文译集[Z]. 香港: 香港城市大学出版社, 2001.
[8] 费尔南·门德斯·平托. 远游记: 上册[M]. 金国平译注. 澳门: 纪念葡萄牙发现事业澳门地区委员会、澳门基金会、澳门文化司署及东方葡萄牙学会，1999.

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Anavar and Proviron are two popular anabolic steroids
that many bodybuilders use together in a cycle known as the "Anavar‑Proviron stack." This combination is prized for its ability to deliver lean muscle gains while keeping water retention low, making it especially appealing during cutting
phases or for athletes who need to keep their bodies looking sharp.
Below is an extensive guide on how to properly dose these compounds, what synergistic effects
you can expect from the stack, a deeper look at each drug’s individual benefits, and some insight into
why testosterone might sometimes test positive for
stanozolol in drug tests.

---

1. Synergistic Stacks: Crafting an Anavar and Proviron Cycle

1.1 Why Combine These Two?

Anavar (Oxandrolone) is a mild oral anabolic steroid with low androgenic activity.
It promotes lean muscle growth, improves strength, and increases protein synthesis
without causing significant water retention or gynecomastia.
Proviron (Mesterolone), on the other hand, is an androgenic compound that
does not have appreciable anabolic properties but excels at blocking estrogen receptors, reducing
free testosterone conversion to estradiol, and preventing estrogen-related side effects
such as bloating and breast tissue growth.

When stacked together, Anavar’s anabolic potency is amplified
by Proviron’s antiestrogenic action. This synergy
allows users to push higher doses of Anavar without the usual
water retention or gynecomastia that can accompany stronger steroids.
Additionally, Proviron helps maintain libido and erectile function, which sometimes dips during cycles involving
other steroids.

1.2 Typical Cycle Structure

A typical stack runs for 6–8 weeks, with a taper period at the end to reduce
the risk of side effects:

Week Anavar Dose (mg/day) Proviron Dose (mg/day)

1-2 10‑20 50‑75

3-4 20‑30 75‑100

5-6 25‑35 100‑125

7-8 20‑30 75‑100

The above schedule is a conservative starting point for beginners.
Advanced users may increase Anavar to 40‑50 mg/day and Proviron to 150‑200 mg/day, but
caution is advised due to the potential for increased liver
strain (Anavar) and androgenic side effects from
higher Proviron levels.

1.3 Timing and Administration

Both compounds are oral, so timing revolves around meal schedules:

Morning: Take half of your Anavar dose with breakfast.

Midday: Take remaining Anavar dose with lunch.

Evening: Take Proviron with dinner to maximize absorption and reduce
stomach irritation.

It’s important to keep a consistent schedule.

Skipping doses can lead to sub‑optimal results or increased side effects if the body attempts to compensate
by increasing hormone production.

1.4 Post Cycle Therapy (PCT)

Because both Anavar and Proviron suppress natural testosterone production, PCT is recommended
after finishing the stack. A common approach involves:

Clomid: 50 mg/day for 10–14 days.

Nolvadex: 20‑40 mg/day for 10–14 days.

These agents help restore endogenous hormone levels and prevent hypogonadism, especially
if you’ve been on a high dose of Proviron for an extended period.

2. Anavar and Proviron: Understanding Their Individual Benefits

2.1 Anavar (Oxandrolone)

Anabolic Strength: Enhances protein synthesis by up
to 20‑30% over placebo, leading to lean muscle mass gains.

Low Estrogenic Activity: Minimal aromatization means little risk of estrogen-related side effects like gynecomastia or water retention.

Liver Friendliness: Although it’s an oral steroid, Anavar is relatively mild on the liver
compared to other 17‑α‑alkylated compounds.

Still, a standard recommendation is to keep doses below 40 mg/day and limit
cycle length to under 8 weeks.

Performance Boost: Users report increased strength gains of 5–10% per month, particularly when paired with resistance training.

2.2 Proviron (Mesterolone)

Androgenic Action: It binds to androgen receptors but does not produce significant anabolic effects
on its own. Its primary role is to elevate free testosterone levels by inhibiting sex hormone‑binding globulin.

Anti‑Estrogenic Effect: By blocking estrogen receptors, Proviron reduces the likelihood of bloating and gynecomastia during cycles that might otherwise cause estrogen spikes.

Cognitive Benefits: Some users note improved focus and mental clarity, possibly due
to its influence on brain androgen receptors.

Safety Profile: Oral Proviron is generally considered safe at moderate doses (50‑150 mg/day).
Higher doses may lead to acne, hair loss, or mild mood swings.

2.3 Combined Effect

When used together:

Lean Gains: Anavar supplies the anabolic stimulus; Proviron ensures that
free testosterone remains high and estrogen stays low.

Reduced Water Retention: The anti‑estrogenic
properties of Proviron counteract any minor water retention that might arise
from increased protein synthesis.

Enhanced Recovery: Users often report faster recovery
times between training sessions, attributed to the synergistic
effect on muscle repair pathways.

3. Test Positive: Understanding Cases Where Testosterone Tested Positive for Stanozolol

3.1 What Is Stanozolol?

Stanozolol is a synthetic anabolic steroid derived from dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
It’s commonly used in sports doping and is known for its high potency and low
androgenic side effects compared to other steroids.

3.2 Why Might Testosterone Test Positive for Stanozolol?

Cross‑Reaction in Tests: Some immunoassay tests may cross‑react with structurally similar compounds, leading to
false positives for stanozolol when another steroid is present.

Metabolite Confusion: Certain metabolites of other
anabolic steroids can be misidentified as stanozolol metabolites
during mass spectrometry screening if the analytical method isn’t precise enough.

Contamination: If a supplement or compound is contaminated with trace
amounts of stanozolol, users may inadvertently ingest it and test
positive.

Co‑Administration: In some steroid cycles, athletes combine multiple compounds (including testosterone derivatives) that metabolize into
intermediates resembling stanozolol’s metabolites.

3.3 Mitigating False Positives

Use Reliable Testing Labs: Choose laboratories with advanced mass spectrometry techniques capable of
distinguishing between similar metabolites.

Maintain Clean Supplements: Verify the purity of all
substances; opt for third‑party tested products to avoid
contamination.

Document Your Intake: Keep a detailed log of every supplement,
dose, and date. This record can help explain any positive results during a doping
review.

3.4 Legal and Health Implications

A positive test for stanozolol can lead to
sanctions in competitive sports, loss of sponsorships,
or legal consequences depending on jurisdiction. From a health perspective, stanozolol is
more hepatotoxic than Anavar and carries higher risks of
cardiovascular strain, so any inadvertent exposure should be addressed promptly with
medical supervision.

---

4. Practical Tips for Safe Use

Start Low, Go Slow: Begin at the lower end of the dosing spectrum (Anavar 10‑20 mg/day, Proviron 50‑75 mg/day) to gauge tolerance.

Monitor Liver Function: Regular blood tests (ALT, AST, bilirubin) can detect
early liver stress from Anavar.

Hydration and Nutrition: Adequate protein intake (1.5–2 g/kg body weight) and electrolytes
help mitigate any mild water retention or muscle cramps.

Track Hormonal Levels: If possible, perform baseline and post‑cycle hormone panels to assess suppression and
recovery.

Adhere to PCT: Even a short PCT can prevent long‑term hypogonadism; do not skip
this step.

5. Conclusion

Anavar and Proviron together form a powerful yet relatively
mild stack that delivers lean muscle gains, improved strength,
and minimal water retention. By carefully managing dosage, timing, and post‑cycle care,
users can maximize benefits while keeping side effects in check.

Understanding how these compounds work individually and synergistically helps craft an effective cycle.

Finally, awareness of testing pitfalls—especially regarding stanozolol
detection—ensures that athletes stay compliant
with anti‑doping regulations and protect their health.

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��健�Ϣ־|：Ӂ�ɀ&# -- [未验证] Sommer (2025-10-05 20:03:21)

Ipamorelin is a synthetic peptide that has gained popularity among fitness enthusiasts and those seeking anti‑aging benefits because it stimulates the release of growth hormone
from the pituitary gland. For women who consider using this
compound, understanding both the potential advantages and possible side effects is essential before deciding whether to incorporate it into a health regimen.

Female Ipamorelin Before and After: Benefits and Side Effects

Before starting ipamorelin, many women experience concerns related to aging such
as decreased energy levels, reduced muscle tone, and slower
recovery after exercise. When used under medical supervision or
in carefully controlled dosages, ipamorelin can help mitigate these issues by encouraging
the body’s natural growth hormone production. The benefits reported
by users include improved sleep quality, increased endurance during workouts, a sense of heightened vitality, and gradual improvements in skin elasticity.

After beginning treatment, some women notice noticeable changes in their
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simultaneously encouraging protein synthesis.
This dual action can result in a leaner body composition and a
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Common mild reactions include transient swelling at
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More rare but significant concerns involve water retention, which can lead to
puffiness around the face and extremities.

Some women experience increased appetite due to heightened growth hormone activity, potentially leading to weight gain if dietary habits are not adjusted accordingly.

Long‑term or high‑dose use may also influence insulin sensitivity, raising questions about blood sugar regulation in individuals with pre‑existing metabolic conditions.
Although ipamorelin has a relatively favorable safety
profile compared to some other growth hormone secretagogues, it is still
essential for users to monitor their health markers regularly and consult healthcare professionals
throughout the course of treatment.

Understanding Ipamorelin

Ipamorelin functions as a selective ghrelin receptor agonist, which
means it mimics the natural hunger hormone in order to stimulate
the pituitary gland. The result is an increase in growth hormone secretion without significantly affecting cortisol or prolactin levels, which can be problematic with other secretagogues.
This selectivity contributes to its reputation for
having fewer adverse endocrine effects.

The peptide is typically administered via subcutaneous injection once or twice daily, depending on the desired outcome and dosage prescribed by a practitioner.
The onset of action is relatively quick, often within 30 minutes, and the hormone’s half‑life
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Because ipamorelin works through the body’s own regulatory systems rather than delivering exogenous hormones directly,
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Increased Lean Muscle Mass

One of the primary reasons women turn to ipamorelin is its ability to support lean muscle development.
Growth hormone plays a pivotal role in protein synthesis and the repair of muscle fibers after exercise.
When ipamorelin stimulates growth hormone release, it amplifies these processes,
leading to an increase in lean body mass over time.

This effect is especially beneficial for women who engage in resistance
training or high‑intensity interval workouts. The peptide’s influence on anabolic pathways
can help counteract the natural decline in muscle protein synthesis that occurs
with aging. As a result, users often report not only greater
muscle definition but also improved functional strength—making everyday tasks easier and reducing the risk of injury.

It is important to note that ipamorelin does not replace proper nutrition or training.
Adequate protein intake, balanced macronutrients, and progressive resistance exercises
remain foundational for maximizing lean muscle gains.
When combined with these lifestyle factors, ipamorelin can serve as a
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In summary, women considering ipamorelin should weigh the
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