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《李如樟及其『三镇边务总要』》

作  者:石彬伦(美)
     长城小站
出  处:中国长城博物馆 2015年
发表时间:2015-01-01
文  摘:
李如樟(1565年—?),字宗豫,号维城,辽东铁岭卫人,是万历年间著名武将李成梁(1526年—1618年)第四子。李如樟纂辑的《三镇边务总要》一书,从边防的角度记载蓟、昌、辽三镇各个关隘以及时常入侵的少数民族部落的情况,是研究明代长城必读之书。尽管如此,自康熙四十六年(1707年)以来,一直没有学者或编篡者直接引用原书的正文,而且清代大量引用该书的《日下旧闻》与原文有一定的出入。 本文旨在向研究明代长城、朵颜三卫蒙古以及明末女真族兴起的学者介绍李如樟的生平及其《三镇边务总要》的情况。
关 键 词:李如樟 三镇边务总要 研究
正  文:
……
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参考文献:
1 关于李如樟的字和号,参见附录1注189。关于李成梁的生平,参见[日]园田一龟《李成梁と其の一族に就て》,《东洋学报》第26卷第1号(1938年11月),页89—120;孙文良《论明末辽东总兵李成梁》,《明史研究》第一期,1991年页159—172;Kenneth Swope, “A Few Good Men: The Li Family and China’s Northern Frontier in the Late Ming,” Ming Studies [《(美国)明史研究》] 第49期 (2004年春季),页34—81;Arthur Hummel主编Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period, [《清代名人传略》] Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1943—1944年,页450—452;李泽绵《李成梁及其家族》,哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,2003年;李士群主编《李成梁研究》,沈阳:辽海出版社,2011年;叶高树《明清之际辽东的军事家族—李、毛、祖三家的比较》,《台湾师大历史学报》第42期(2009年12月)页132—135。
2 康熙46年序(1707年)《柳边纪略》卷2页2下提到《三镇边务总要》的内容:“按《三镇边务务要[总要之误]》:‘羊肠河在镇远等堡边外,系朵颜卫住牧之所,今为内地’”。《日下旧闻》一书未包括辽东资料,所以以上内容应该直接来自于《三镇边务总要》。1937年岭南大学图书馆编《馆藏善本图书题识》页29引用了部分序文;拙作 David Spindler, ”A Twice-Scorned Mongol Woman, the Raid of 1576, and the Building of the Brick Great Wall,” Ming Studies [《[美国]明史研究》]第60期 (2009年11月),页92引用了部分正文。
3 《李成梁と其の一族に就て》页93—95。
4 朱相吉《对“铁岭李氏”家族的考查》,《中国朝鲜族史研究》册1,延吉:延边大学出版社,1993 年,页66;李泽绵的原著作未查到。
5 《李成梁及其家族》页6。
6 [韩]裵三益《临渊斋先生文集》卷4页23下《朝天录》(《燕行录全集》册4页25)曰:“[李成梁]本东国[朝鲜]人理山人也。”
7 [韩]申炅用《再造藩邦志》卷2页40下—41上。
8 张廷玉《明史》卷238;中华书局标点本册20页6197《李如樟传》。“如樟,亦由父荫,历都指挥佥事。从兄如松征宁夏,先登有功,累进都督佥事。历广西、延绥总兵官。”
9 李树德《[康熙]李氏谱系》卷2(藏日本东洋文库);李泽棉校订,铁岭:铁岭市博物馆,1991年,页19。李如樟的出生年可以从《明史》卷217册19页5736《沈鲤传》得到佐证:“[万历]三十二年叙皮林功”。“皮林功”指李如樟参加平贵州播州苗族暴动时立的功劳。据郑汝璧《由庚堂集》卷18页23上《贺大将军维城李公晋秩一品序》:“事竣,司马首叙公功进都督同知秩一品……公春秋甫四十加一而横玉一何壮也。顷,司马上功状与播並叙,而主上独先皮林之赏讵非异数哉!”如果李如樟万历三十二年为四十一岁,他出生年为嘉靖四十三年,与《[康熙]李氏谱系》的记录完全吻合。
10 《三镇边务总要·序》页1下。
11 指唐代名将裴行俭和郭子仪。
12 《再造藩邦志》卷2页41上。李成梁第六子,名字与生卒年不详,应该是万历三十四年荫为百户的儿子,参见附录2第17条,应该不是宿氏的儿子。宿氏是如松的母亲,也应该是如柏、如桢、如樟、如梅的母亲。
13 关于速把亥,参见薄音湖《明清时期内蒙古各部的名称》,《寻根》2007年第三期,页13;Henry Serruys [赛瑞斯] Genealogical Tables of the Descendants of Dayan-Qan, The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1958年,页151—152。关于此次战事的经过和地理位置,参见《明史》卷238册20页6185《李成梁传》 ;瞿九思《万历武功录》卷12《速把亥列传》页19下—20上。
14 《明神宗实录》卷72戊申条;佟铮编《明实录东北资料辑》,沈阳:辽沈书社,1990年,册4页1747。至于如何确定此次荫子为李如樟,参见附录2。
15 陶望龄,(1562年—1609年),字周望,号石篑,万历十七年中会试第一,廷试第三,授编修(《明人传记资料索引》页563);生卒年据陶元藻《[乾隆]会稽陶氏族谱》卷17页38下《大司成文简公传》。
16 陶广学,字子约,号寰瀛,官至湖广孝感县承。《[乾隆]会稽陶氏族谱》卷18页1上《孝感丞寰瀛公传》曰:“[陶]广学,字子约,姿容俊伟。治《春秋》有声。廪于庠,已,入太学,谒铨部选授丞楚之孝感,与令议事不合,投牒去官。大帅李公成梁雅敬慕公,深自结纳,命二子如松、如柏受业而师事焉。居数载,辞归,赠遗甚厚。”其实,陶广学作为李如松、李如柏的老师应该在他担任孝感县丞之前:据《[康熙]孝感县志》(24卷本卷11页33下,16卷本卷7页10上),陶广学于万历二十八年任孝感县丞,他的接任者万历三十一年(24卷本)或三十三年(16卷本)上任。
17 陶望龄《歇菴集》卷10页23上《李将军赠言引》。
18 努尔哈赤大约从万历七年至万历十年之前被李成梁收养。(陈涴《努尔哈赤崛起与李成梁关系史事钩沉》,《满族研究》2009年第1期页42—43。)
19 [韩]朴思浩《心田稿·留馆杂录·序》。
20 李如松已于万历五年备黄花镇;李如柏于万历七年任游击(《李成梁及其家族》页167;《明神宗实录》卷101丙午条)。
21 据《明神宗实录》卷123丙子条:“虏酋速把亥寇义州。总兵李成梁击斩之,俘获百余人。兵部言:‘官军奋勇,名王就歼,从来摧锋,血战犹是,击其归路,未有堂堂迎敌,殊死陷坚,剪除祸本,如此举者!’上喜,命宣捷祭告,如常仪。”
22 殷尚质,天津卫人,官至辽东总兵,嘉靖三十五年(1556年)十一月死于战场(《明世宗实录》卷441戊午条);王治道,广宁右屯卫人,官至辽东总兵,隆庆四年(1570年)九月死于战场(《明穆宗实录》卷49戊子条);杨照,辽东前屯卫人,官至辽东总兵,嘉靖四十二年(1563年)八月死于战场(《明世宗实录》卷524乙亥条)。
23 周咏(1533年—1595年),开封府延津人,字思养,号乐轩,嘉靖四十一年进士。(《明人传记资料索引》页326)。
24 镇夷堡在今辽宁省北镇满族自治县西北。
25 《三镇边务总要》册3页22下—23下《辽镇北虏东虏西虏并各卫夷酋枝派数目考》。
26 顾养谦《冲菴顾先生抚辽奏议》卷3页3上《擒斩大虏收获奇捷疏》。
27 《明神宗实录》卷173癸未条、《万历武功录》卷13《大委正列传》页1上、[清]钱大昕《十驾斋养新录》卷9页33下《译音无定字》;参见《李成梁及其家族》页171。
28 “李成梁荫本卫男升三级”《明神宗实录》卷174乙巳条;《明实录东北资料辑》册4页1835;至于如何确定李成梁此次荫子为李如樟,参见附录2。
29 《冲菴顾先生抚辽奏议》卷3页9上《擒斩大虏收获奇捷疏》。
30 《歇菴集》卷10页23上—23下《李将军赠言引》。
31 《[康熙]李氏谱系》卷2;李泽棉校订本页20。
32 李如樟参加考试等活动的叙述出现在万历二十年(1592年)宁夏哱拜叛乱之前(《三镇边务总要·序》页1下—2上)。
33 《由庚堂集》卷18页22上《贺大将军维城李公秩一品序》。
34 《三镇边务总要·序》页1下—2上。
35 据《[万历]延绥镇志》卷2页13下,李如樟是监生。据他的友人陈懿典说,哱拜叛乱时,李如樟“自国子生投笔从戎朔方之役”。(陈懿典《陈学士先生初集》卷6页39上《贺蓟门副帅李将军序》)陈懿典,浙江嘉兴府秀水人,字孟常,号如岡,万历二十年(1592年)进士,官至少詹士。(《[雍正]浙江通志》卷133页11下,卷179页9上)
36《陈学士先生初集》卷33页25上《与李维城总戎》。
37 第一,《三镇边务总要·序》曰:“试京闱者再”,未提及及第的记录。第二,《[康熙]盛京通志》,《[乾隆]钦定盛京通志》,和历代《铁岭县志》均未提李如樟通过文、武两个系统的考试。
38 杨廷福、杨同甫编《明人室名别称字号索引》,上海古籍出版社,2002年,上册页204,下册页104、277、373。
39 《皇明经世文编》卷452页2上,梅国祯《为叛丁悖乱异常时事万分可虑疏》;《万历疏钞》卷44页2下。
40 哱拜,蒙古人,原来投靠黄台吉,后为王崇古收编。参阅李明华《解读叶梦熊功成引退之谜》,《惠城文史》第23辑,[2010年]注1。
41 [清]胡林翼《读史兵略续编》卷10页4上;参见南炳文、汤钢《明史》,上海:上海人民出版社,2003年,册下页911—914。
42 召公为姬奭,共同与周公立周宣王。
43 召公姬奭之后代。《史记》卷34册5页1549《燕召公世家第四·索隐》:“至宣王时,召穆公虎,其[指姬奭]后也。”
44 李西平指唐朝著名武将李晟(727年—793年),洮州临潭人,字良器(《中国历史大辞典·隋唐五代史》,上海:上海词书出版社,1995年页347)。李愬为李晟二子,“以父荫起家”。参见《旧唐书》卷133册11页3678《李晟传、李愬传》。
45 《国语》卷11《晋语五》:“臼季使,舍于冀野。冀缺薅,其妻馌之,敬,相待如宾。从而问之,冀芮之子也,与之归;既复命,而进之曰:‘臣得贤人,敢以告。’……[晋文]公见之,使为下军大夫。”
46 周生为陶望龄的第二个妻子:“配商太仆卿燕阳公女,封孺人,再周同胞四进士祚孙女,无出,继[陶]奭龄长子。”(《[乾隆]会稽陶氏族谱》卷11页3上—3下)
47 《歇菴集》卷10页23下—24上《李将军赠言引》。
48 《明神宗实录》卷247己酉条;李国祥、杨昶主编《明实录类纂·北京史料卷》,武汉出版社,1992年,页305。
49 时间按茅瑞征《万历三大征考·哱氏》页10下。
50 凌礼潮笺校《梅国桢集》,武汉:湖北人民出版社,2006年,页20,梅国桢《征哱奏议·第五疏》。参见诸葛元声《两朝平攘录》卷3页25下;《万历武功录》卷1《哱拜哱承恩》页31下—32上;茅瑞征《万历三大征考·哱氏》页10下;陈建《皇明从信录》卷36页51上—51下。
51 《梅国桢集》页64,梅国桢《征哱奏议·第十七疏》。
52 [清]钱谦益《牧斋初学集》卷64页3下—4上《通议大夫兵部右侍郎兼都察院右佥都御史赠副都御史梅公神道碑》。
53 《皇明经世文编》卷452页9下,梅国祯《第八疏》;参见袁中道《珂雪斋前集》卷16页18上、《珂雪斋近集》卷7页15下《梅大中丞传》;周圣楷《楚宝》卷6页30下《梅国桢》。
54 颜季亨《国朝武功纪胜通考》卷8《征哱终案》页10上。参见徐昌治《昭代芳摹》卷29页66上—66下;陈建《皇明通纪集要》卷36页20下—21上、《皇明从信录》卷36页53下;方孔炤《全边略记》卷6页34上;矛瑞征《万历三大征考·哱氏》页13上。
55 祝以豳《诒美堂集》卷22页11下—12上《朔方纪事》。
56 《万历邸钞》万历二十年壬辰卷页42上。
57 《明神宗实录》卷252辛巳条;周永春《丝纶录》卷4页51下。
58 《明神宗实录》卷252。关于本次犒劳军人参见《万历三大征考·哱氏》页15上;《明史纪事本末》卷63级字为恩字(上海古籍出版社本,1994年,页254)。
59 参游为参将、游击的简称(《中国历史大辞典·明史》,上海:上海词书出版社,1995年,页335)。在四个武官中,前面应该是参将,后面应为游击。李如樟排列最后,所以他当时应该是游击。
60 《皇明通纪集要》卷36页22上,22下、《皇明从信录》卷36页55上,55下;范景文《昭代武功编》卷9页18上,18下《叶督抚征哱承恩》;矛瑞征《万历三大征考·哱氏》页14下,15上。
61 王鸣鹤《登坛必究》卷40页35下《兵部议复宁夏功赏疏》;[清]王圻《续文献通考》卷49页22下;《丝纶录》卷4页57上。
62 《明神宗实录》卷259四月甲午条。
63 《明神宗实录》卷260五月乙卯条。《[乾隆]宣化府志》卷20《职官三》上西路、下西路参将记录中未提及李如樟。
64 《两朝平攘录》卷4页37下—38上。
65 据方应选《方众甫集》卷7页26下《滦东平叛记》。参见《明神宗实录》卷290己未条:“防海兵以要挟双粮、鼓噪,蓟镇督抚、道臣擒其倡乱者,正法。余党尽驱南还。”
66 《两朝平攘录》卷4页38上。
67 《方众甫集》卷7页31下《滦东平叛记》。
68 孙矿《姚江孙月峰先生全集》卷5页100上《叙功疏稿略》。此记载写于当年十一月。
69 方应选,字众甫,号明斋,南直隶松江府华亭人(《明人传记资料索引》页16)。
70 《方众甫集》卷1页3上—3下《宁远伯颂·序》。
71 《方众甫集》卷13页21下《与李总戎》提及郑汝璧。郑氏和李如樟在延绥同时担任巡抚与总兵为万历三十一年至三十三年之间。郑汝璧,字邦章,号昆岩,浙江处州府缙云人(《明人传记资料索引》页783)。
72 《方众甫集》卷8页27下—28上《诰封王大将军配王夫人墓志铭》。
73 李如樟何时从黄花镇调到蓟州笔者未查到。
74 时间据《明神宗实录》卷303十月癸未条:“顺天廵抚李颐题:罗文峪斩获虏级四十九颗”;官名据郭造卿《卢龙塞略》卷15页9上。
75 《陈学士先生初集》卷6页39下《贺蓟门副帅李将军序》。
76 《喜峰路董家口关修建石城记》,载《河北省明代长城碑刻辑录》,北京:科学出版社,2009年,上册页79。释文为李如松,误。拓片发表于王书珍主编《迁西石刻》,天津:百花文艺出版社,2007年,页52。释文为李如囗(页53)。
77 《明神宗实录》卷317丁丑条。据《[康熙]李氏谱系》卷2(李泽棉校订本页19),李如樟从宁夏回来后很快就升了都督佥事:“[李如樟]随兄如松征宁夏有功,进都督佥事。”《谱系》叙述李如樟生平用的文字较少,先后时间顺序写得不严谨。
78 赵志皋《明故特进荣禄大夫征虏前将军提督镇守辽东总兵官太子太保中军都督府左都督赠少保宁远伯李忠烈公墓志铭》(以下简称《李如松墓志》):“公[李如松]生,嘉靖己酉十二月十一日;卒,万历戊戌四月四日,年五十”;《明神宗实录》卷321万历二十六年四月丁卯条:“虏寇辽东,总兵李如松远出捣巢,死之。”
79 王锡爵《王文肃公全集·王文肃公牍草》卷18页27下《李如樟总兵》。
80 《陈学士先生初集》卷6页39上《贺蓟门副帅李将军序》。
81 《明神宗实录》卷327丙寅条;《明实录类纂·北京史料卷》页307。“管……佥书事”为“佥书管事”之误。参见《明神宗实录》卷304二十四年十一月己亥条:“命协守蓟镇东路副总兵署都指挥佥事陈霞右军都督府佥书管事”;杨一清《关中奏议》卷11页44上《为急缺都司掌印佥书官员事》“合无将周伦铨注陕西都司军政掌印,夏钦佥书管事,汪麟令其回还原卫调治病疾,待病痊,另行委用。”(云南丛书本)
82 下面引用李如樟本人描述他写《三镇边务总要》的情况为“待罪府中,无所事事” 。“府中”,指都督府。他二十六年十月十四日被任命,加上到岗位的时间,年底之前不可能写完此书。二十七年八月被任命总兵以后即未在“府中”。因此《三镇边务总要》成书的时间在万历二十七年年初至八月之间。
83 《三镇边务总要·序》页2下—3上。
84 李如樟的前任陈璘在二十七年八月十三日以后“近见邸报兵部复本,内称广西总兵陈璘马上催促由湖广取道直趋粤西听援,不许绕路粤东,有误缨冠之义。……[陈]璘,素有威名。近征倭,更著战功。粤西无事,将非所急。臣等以为宜即改为湖广总兵,即令于湖广候旨到任管事。其广西总兵,另行推补”,为李如樟任命时间之上限(李化龙《平播全书》卷1页84下—85上,85上《请内帑增将兵疏》)。万历二十八年正月癸丑,李如樟被派到广西泗城:“广西总兵李如樟速驻泗城”,为李如樟任命时间之下线(《明神宗实录》卷343,李国祥、杨昶《明实录类纂·军事史料卷》页677,武汉出版社:1993,《〈明实录〉广西史料摘录》,南宁:广西人民出版社,1990年,页434。
85 《明神宗实录》卷343癸丑条;《明实录类纂·军事史料卷》页677;《〈明实录〉广西史料摘录》页434。泗城位于今广西壮族自治区凌云县。
86 李如樟在泗城“遏播西逸”:“湖广原调三万之兵并总兵陈璘、副使王应霖速赴偏桥[位于今贵州省东北部施秉县];云南、广西原调一万七千之兵速赴贵阳;云南总兵沐叡速驻沾益[位于今云南省东北部宣威县];广西总兵李如樟速驻泗城;湖广抚臣移驻沅州[位于今湖南省东北部芷江侗族自治县]”《明神宗实录》卷343。在五个派遣军队的地方中,泗城和沾益都靠西,所以泗城应该是李如樟“遏播西逸”的地点。
87 《由庚堂集》卷18页22上—22下《贺大将军维城李公晋秩一品序》。
88 写于二十八年八月上旬至十二月十六日之间。参见前一篇奏疏《平播全书》卷6页30上《四乞归疏》;后一篇奏疏《平播全书》卷6页68上《黔省善后事宜疏》。
89 《平播全书》卷6页42上,49下,49下,50上《叙助兵饷疏》。
90 《明史》卷21册2页281《本纪·神宗(二)》:“[万历二十八年]十月辛未贵州皮林苗叛。”
91 皮林位于今贵州省黎平县皮林村。
92 播指万历二十五年七月播州宣慰使“杨应龙叛,掠合江、綦江。”(《明史》卷21册2页279《本纪·神宗(二)》。
93 《由庚堂集》卷18页22下—23上,23下—24上《贺大将军维城李公晋秩一品序》。
94 《明神宗实录》卷370甲戌条;《〈明实录〉广西史料摘录》页507;《明实录类纂·军事史料卷》页1032—1033。《[万历]延绥镇志》卷2页13下曰:“万历三十年三月由广西镇守调任。”
95 三地都在今陕西省榆林市附近。红山在”镇北五里”《[万历]延绥镇志》卷2页37上。
96 《[万历]延绥镇志》卷8页56上—56下《归还镇军草地三场碑记》;句读参考陕西省榆林地方志办公室整理《延绥镇志》,上海:上海古籍出版社,2011年,页637。
97 《由庚堂集》卷18页24下《贺大将军维城李公晋秩一品序》。
98 李汶《总督三边奏议》卷39页103上—103下《甄别练兵官员以昭劝惩以励人心疏》。
99 郑汝璧诗《榆林虏既款塞岁复有季李大将军置酒春宵盛张镫乐即事有作》(《由庚堂集》卷9页12下)。郑汝璧来到延绥是万历三十一年三月十日:“于本年[三十一年]三月初十日……臣即日收管任事”(《由庚堂集》卷27页1下《恭谢天恩疏》)。此后,蒙古人于延绥第一次互市为三十一年年底:“比圪塔等酋就市红山,延、宁可稍息肩”(《明神宗实录》卷390十一月丁卯条;据《[万历]延绥镇志》卷3页66下,蒙古人于三十年互市,暂以《实录》日期为准)。“款塞”后“复有季”为三十二年春。
100 《[万历]野获编》卷17页32上《梅客生司马》,道光7年扶荔山房刻本。李如樟至少还有一次宴请过郑汝璧。
101 夏允彝《幸存录》卷上《东夷大略》。
102 《明神宗实录》卷397壬午条;沈一贯《敬事草》卷15页60下—61上《再辞皮林叙并推叙播功疏》也提及因平息播州、皮林而为李如樟等叙功事。
103 《由庚堂集》卷18页23上《贺大将军维城李公晋秩一品序》:“事竣,司马首叙公功,进都督同知秩一品……公春秋甫四十加一而横玉一何壮也。”《明神宗实录》卷397、《再辞皮林叙并推叙播功疏》、《万历起居注》[日期据《起居注》]皆曰:“若戴燿、李如樟等”。《[万历]延绥镇志》卷2页13下曰:李如樟“以播苗功升都督同知”。《明史》卷238册20页6197《李如樟传》、《[康熙]李氏谱系》皆曰李如樟“累进都督佥事”,误。
104《[万历]延绥镇志》卷3页66下:“三十二年秋九月,酋首沙计等七台吉入犯孤山,副总兵杜松击破之。”
105 “炒忽儿台吉:吉囊弟、卜失兔叔父。封指挥佥事”(《[万历]延绥镇志》卷6页35下《套虏名系官职考·中路》);“明爱即青歹成朵儿计男,庄秃赖侄。封指挥佥事”(《[万历]延绥镇志》卷6页37上《套虏名系官职考·东路》)。
106 焦竑《国朝献征录》卷58页84上《兵部右侍郎兼都察院右佥都御史郑公汝璧墓志铭》 (本条材料利用中央研究院历史语言研究所《汉籍电子文献资料库》检索);徐象梅《两浙名贤录》卷20页50下《都察院右佥都御史郑汝壁》。
107 “套长”为卜失兔,是俺答姪、吉能之孙。关于“套长”的身份,参见《明神宗实录》卷411七月丙戌条:“套长卜失兔加意钤束诸部”;关于卜失兔,参见《万历武功录》卷14《把都儿黄台吉》、《卜失兔阿不害》。
108 李维桢《大泌山房集》卷44页17上《赠督府少司马郑[汝璧]公序》。
109 《由庚堂集》卷29页4上—4下《官兵奋勇堵虏就阵斩获首功疏》。
110 葮州州会在今陕西省榆林市佳县县城。
111 钱希言《狯园》第4页14上,14下,15上—15下,15下—16上,《翦头仙人》(知不足斋本)。参见[清]禇人穫《坚瓠集·秘集》卷2页6上—6下《剪头仙人》;[清]来集之《倘湖樵书·二编》卷9页67上—68下《金陀粹编》。
112 指汉梁孝王之臣张羽、韩安国。或曰汉初张良和韩信。《汉语大词典》册4页130。
113 《总督三边奏议》卷42页26上—26下《甄别练兵官员以昭劝惩以励人心疏》。
114 《[万历]延绥镇志》卷4页9上。
115 《明神宗实录》卷411戊戌条。(本条材料利用中央研究院历史语言研究所《汉籍电子文献资料库》检索。)
116 杜松任命的时间为八月甲辰(2日):“升协守孤山副总兵杜松署都督佥事挂印充总兵官镇守延绥等处地方”(《明神宗实录》卷412;《明实录类纂·军事史料卷》页1033)。据《[万历]延绥镇志》卷2页13下,接替李如樟为延绥总兵官“杜松……万历三十三年九月内任。”或许他实际到任的时间是三十三年九月。
117 《皇明留台奏议》为蔵字。
118 《明穆宗实录》卷60,隆庆五年八月癸卯条:“总督陕西右都御史戴才奏……一改延绥市厂于红山边墙暗门之外。”
119 关于吴世登的贪污活动,参见朱吾弼等辑《皇明留台奏议》卷18页57上—58上,孫居相《丙午军政拾遗疏》,萧如松万历35年序版本,南京图书馆、美国哈佛大学哈佛燕京图书馆藏本;《续修四库全书》册467有影印本。
120 《皇明留台奏议》为郑竭忠。
121 建安堡位于今陕西省榆林市榆阳区南山之巅。
122 高家堡位于今榆林市神木县高家堡镇。
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ʯ��Ā) :nɧց及Ǥ『& -- [未验证] Lakesha (2025-11-01 07:54:59)
Choosing between injectable and oral steroids is dependent upon your objectives, expertise stage, and danger tolerance.
However for comfort and quick impact, orals hold their place — particularly
in a well-designed stack. Anabolic steroids can be administered in numerous methods, together with
oral tablets, injections, lotions or topical gels, and skin patches.
For example, oral drugs are easy to make use of and handy however might have the next threat of liver
toxicity, while injections can present extra secure blood levels but may carry a danger of infections or injection website reactions.

Following dimerization, the advanced binds to androgen response
elements (AREs), that are particular promoter regions
of target genes, and this interplay affects the transcription course of [9].
In addition, rapid steroid hormone activation can happen via non-genomic pathways, which involve the interference of the steroid hormone
with the G-protein coupled receptor.
You can, nevertheless, make a relatively accurate estimate
with a formulation created by pure bodybuilder Dr. Casey Butt.
Now, whereas steroids could appear alluring
if you want to get buff, they have a dark side. Steroids
are a broad family of molecules that can trigger quite so much of results
relying on the kind and where they bind in the physique.
Synthetic steroids of therapeutic worth serve roles as anti-inflammatory
agents, anabolic (growth-stimulating) agents, and oral contraceptives.

Hydrocortisone and cortisone are both corticosteroids (often shortened to "steroids"), which are manufactured hormones that suppress the immune system response.
Both cortisone and hydrocortisone deal with inflammatory
autoimmune illnesses and different health circumstances.
Hydrocortisone is an anti-inflammatory drug that mimics the pure hormone cortisol, which
is known as the stress hormone. Cortisone have to be processed by the liver
and transformed to hydrocortisone to supply anti-inflammatory effects.
Each drug is available in varied types to treat circumstances starting from bug
bites to autoimmune diseases.
Skeletal muscles with greater oxidative capability, particularly sluggish twitch (ST) fibers, are less delicate to the catabolicaction of
glucocorticoids. This phenomena was defined by the lesser
elevation of proteolytic activity in ST Oxydative muscle fibers, but in muscle
fibers where oxidative capacity is low (IIB/X), the catabolic exercise was extra
pronounced [11]. Atrophy of muscle fibers with low oxidative capacity is the
result of inhibition of insulin-like development factor-1
(IGF-1) [12] and up regulation of two genes, myostatin and glutamatesynthase
[13]. Muscle activity increases the synthesis fee of myofibrillar proteins [14] through a mammalian goal of rapamycin-activating proteins within the nitrogen-activated protein kinase
signalling [15]. The recovery from the final train session, particularly from intensive exercise, is quicker
within the younger than in the elderly [16]. Anabolic steroids have no medical use that's accredited by the government.
Superdrol (methasterone) is considered one of the most potent anabolic
steroids on the planet, causing super will increase in muscular power and hypertrophy
(size).
When taken as prescribed, steroids have a danger of
gentle short-term unwanted facet effects. The danger of
long-term results typically will increase the longer you are
on the treatment, as well as should you take larger doses.
The time period "steroids" most frequently refers to a category of medicines
known as corticosteroids. Nonetheless, there are other kinds of steroids that work differently from
these anti-inflammatory drugs.
The main benefit of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is that
it celebrates your individual physiology. Dr. Asandra employs the
bio-identical strategy to TRT, so there are no foreign components which will clash with your natural
chemistry. Instead, a sequence of small pellets are inserted just under the floor of the skin. They present a physiological and gradual release of testosterone into your system.

While oral steroids offer fast results and unmatched comfort, in addition they carry higher dangers of acute and persistent side effects, notably
due to their C17-alpha alkylated structure. Due
to their quick half-lives, oral steroids can be timed around specific targets — corresponding to
peaking for a photoshoot, athletic competitors,
or temporary physique enhancement. They are additionally detectable for shorter intervals compared to long-ester injectables.
For those who have been confused by the word natty, the slang natty that means someone who does
not use anabolic steroids or all-natural. I had to laugh when researching the
subject of natural or "natty" that over on Google final week, eight.3 million folks searched, "Was Arnold Schwarzenegger natural?
Related results were noticed in a study administering 1.000 mg testosterone undecanoate every 3 months (227). Clitoral size was unaffected by a lower dosage of 25 mg testosterone enanthate weekly for twenty-four weeks in hysterectomized women (224). Thus, in distinction with dysphonia and hirsutism, there seems to be a better threshold of androgenic motion required for this facet effect to happen. The lack of evidence however, some AAS users resort to ancillary drugs – similar to minoxidil and the 5α-reductase inhibitors finasteride and dutasteride – to counteract potential hair loss.
The researchers found that the teams taking ecdysterone gained vital quantities of muscle mass in comparability with the placebo. Anecdotally, we now have had bodybuilders report as much as 12 lbs of muscle achieve, and others experience no visible results. Thus, turkesterone’s results might be depending on the standard of the supplement and whether the person is a hyperresponder. Thus, with restricted research, we have no idea whether turkesterone can produce steroid-like results in pure bodybuilders.
Anabolic steroids have a construction much like the steroid hormones testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Cortisol, aldosterone, and other sex hormones are additionally steroids, though they lack the anabolic results of androgens. These compounds do not promote muscle progress or performance enhancement however are important in treating chronic circumstances and reducing systemic irritation.

References:


PedsElite



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ʯ��Ā) :nɧց及Ǥ『& -- [未验证] Berry (2025-11-01 07:30:37)
Non-AAS dietary supplements have been defined as
brokers composed of naturally occurring extracts or herbs
identified to have anabolic properties but are free of artificial
AAS or testosterone. Even in users who recover HPT operate uneventfully, there are concerns in regards to the results of extended, markedly supraphysiologic levels of AAS on other tissues
sensitive to androgens, such as the prostate. High doses of
AAS could contribute to prostatic hypertrophy,(Jin et al.,
1996; Wemyss-Holden et al., 1994), and two case reviews,
to our information, have described prostate cancer among AAS users who have been still in their 40s or
early 50s (Larkin, 1991; Roberts and Essenhigh, 1986).

However, both of those latter case reviews appeared more than 15 years ago; the apparent absence of any similar stories since 1991 argues towards
an affiliation of AAS use with prostatic neoplasia. This conclusion is congruent with recent endocrinological reviews arguing that there
isn't a sufficient scientific foundation for the long-held
belief that testosterone stimulates prostate cancer to develop (Morgentaler,
2006, 2007). However, to our information, no systematic studies
have assessed the prevalence of prostate pathology in a inhabitants of AAS customers
as compared to age-matched control males. TE considerably increased the number of rat
L6 cells expressing MYOG and significantly elevated MYOG expression levels in adult human males as in comparison with a placebo (10,
14, 20).
ND induced a significant increase in Numb expression in hindlimb denervated topics
compared to sham or control groups in male Wistar rats and C2C12 mouse cells (21, 22).
However, this enhance in expression by ND was lowered after 56 days in C2C12 mouse cells
(22). Significant effects of ND administration and time had been observed with significantly elevated MAFbx expression at 31, 35,
and fifty six days after muscle denervation in male Wistar rats; expression tended
to be decreased at day 35 and was considerably lowered at day 56
(43). ND administration considerably attenuated IL1 expression in an overload situation only in 25-month male Fisher 344xF1 Brown Norway rat muscle as compared to five-month muscle (36).
IL6 mRNA abundance was considerably larger in a ND + overload situation as compared to management but was attenuated by ND
in each five- and 25-month overloaded male Fisher 344xF1 Brown Norway rat muscle (36).

The psychoactive results, withdrawal symptoms, and underlying organic mechanisms of AASs
appear to be similar to the mechanisms and issues that accompany cocaine, alcohol, or opioid abuse.

The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) to enhance efficiency and acquire extra muscular bodies
is on the rise worldwide. In the US, it's estimated that between 2.9–4.zero million people have used AASs and approximately 1 million have developed AAS
dependence. Oxymetholone is marketed in the United States
as Anadrol-50 and has been abused the world over by weight lifters and energy athletes
for its robust anabolic and pronounced androgenic effects.

Interpretation of the neurotransmitter effects is difficult by the fact that totally different research examined different mind areas, employed completely different strategies,
and AAS publicity occasions. When abused like this, testosterone
and different androgens can have damaging results on the body.
Different observed side effects embrace acne vulgaris, breast improvement, psychological health issues, decreased sperm count,
heart problems, and liver cancer. Nonetheless, when testosterone is used throughout the context of an approved therapeutic dose, as in testosterone substitute therapy, it
carries a a lot lower threat of unwanted effects.

It has additionally been observed that the androgen-AR complicated upregulates AR-mediated transcription by
way of c-SRC kinase interaction-driven phosphorylation (10).
Separate from the AR, androgens could bind to steroid-hormone binding globulin (SHBG),
activating the SHBG receptor and growing protein kinase A (PKA) activity (10).


You may think a 500mg dose is insufficient, when, in reality, it’s equal to only
200mg. Collected and analyzed the data, reviewed the literature, and wrote
the draft manuscript. And S.H.Z. formed the thought for
the research, designed the examine, revised
the entire manuscript to enhance mental content material,
and assisted within the final writing of the manuscript.

Although such behaviors may occur, it is more widespread that AAS users report a "slow boil" rather than a sudden outburst.

Extra particularly, they incessantly describe continual obsessional preoccupations that they can't get out of
their heads – corresponding to Mr. A’s fixation on left-wing "media bias" or Mr.
B’s obsession with getting cash to buy throws.

Different examples include one AAS person who described an instance the place he ordered pancakes and
specified that he didn't want butter. He reported that for days afterwards, he found
himself constantly preoccupied with this error, even waking up in the course
of the evening and angrily considering "but why did she bring me butter when I had particularly defined that I didn't need butter? In one other case we introduced in an earlier paper ("Mr.
A" in reference 57), a person utilizing AAS was driving to work to start out his shift as a prison officer. He experienced automobile trouble and borrowed the phone at a nearby store to call explain that he would be late. The girl managing the store joked, "you officers use my
cellphone so often I ought to begin out charging for it!

Some athletes, bodybuilders and others misuse these drugs in an attempt to boost performance and/or improve their physical appearance.
Anabolic steroids are the most common appearance-
and performance-enhancing medicine (APEDs).
Roughly three to 4 million individuals within the Usa use anabolic
steroids for nonmedical purposes.
Nonetheless, it must be appreciated that the accuracy of the equation relies on the idea that serum creatinine ranges precisely replicate the GFR – which is doubtful in this particular population.
Creatinine is, for the most part, a product of the spontaneous nonenzymatic degradation of creatine (Cr) and creatine
phosphate (PCr) (159). The overall conversion price for the total Cr pool (Cr + PCr) is (almost) constant and approximately 1.7% daily.

However, it stays to be determined whether or not therapeutic phlebotomy impacts medical endpoints similar to
MACE and VTE or solely ‘treats’ a laboratory abnormality.
The helpful Hormonal Impact of Stanozolol of therapeutic phlebotomy on scientific outcomes in polycythemia vera sufferers (53) should not instantly be assumed to
hold true on this group of sufferers because of the differences in pathophysiology.

Nonprescription doses are often 10 to a hundred instances larger
than the doses healthcare providers prescribe to deal with medical conditions.
This is why the side effects are often more extreme than the unwanted
effects of prescribed anabolic steroid use. The current examine demonstrates that injectable testosterone preparations, artificial AAS,
non-AAS hormone therapies, postcycle recovery agents, and non-AAS supplements are available and
remarkably simple to purchase on the Internet and not using a prescription. Likewise,
ample info is on the market on tips on how to "cycle" and "stack" various AAS substances however little data is on the market on the adverse results of
AAS or nonsteroid alternate options. Second, some people could
develop antagonistic effects from long-term AAS use, however the etiologic position of
AAS in these circumstances may go unrecognized, either as a outcome of the clinician fails to
elicit a history of AAS use, or as a end result of the patient fails to reveal it.



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ʯ��Ā) :nɧց及Ǥ『& -- [未验证] Lukas (2025-11-01 07:28:09)
RAD-140 is such a strong SARM that new users are strongly beneficial to make use of it solely at very low doses.

Different steroids are usually modified versions of testosterone,
in addition to DHT. Whereas anabolic steroids are potent
androgens with a powerful anabolic nature, their androgenic activity is generally very sturdy, leading to a bunch of
unwanted side effects. With proper PCT, most people see their pure testosterone ranges get back to baseline somewhere between 6 and 10 weeks.

Blood work is really the only approach to know for certain in case your hormones are bouncing back, so don’t simply guess—check those numbers.

The anabolic-to-androgenic ratio varies between several varieties of AAS,
which can have an effect on adverse reactions as well.

The fatty liver is also one of many causes of normal consumption of steroids.
Anabolic steroids influence cellular activity and gene expression via binding to androgen receptors.
It is essential to consult healthcare professionals and depend on respected sources when considering these substances.
Cleveland Clinic’s main care suppliers supply lifelong medical care.
From sinus infections and high blood pressure to preventive screening, we’re right here for you.

Anabolic steroids could additionally be administered by way
of oral pills, injections, topical lotions or gels,
or pores and skin patches. Corticosteroids work by concentrating on underlying irritation that will contribute to numerous acute and persistent well being situations.

Steroid customers will usually use this sort of injection when utilizing other forms of compounds
like HGH, peptides, HCG, and insulin. Subcut injections aren't
as suited for oil-based options as most steroids however work
nicely with water-based compounds. Every cycle
is limited to 4-6 weeks and consists of only one steroid compound per
cycle. Each lady may have a unique tolerance concerning
how a lot negative impact she is willing to deal with.

Exterior the clinic, I take pleasure in sport and fitness hobbies, which maintain me balanced and inspired.
Analysis on metabolic properties suggests you’ll need
a solid post-cycle plan if you want sperm production back to normal.
These compounds mess with luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, both of that are essential for making sperm.

That’s breast tissue development, and it happens when estrogen ranges get too high.

He holds a BSc in Chemistry from the University of Western Cape and is a certified
International Personal Trainer and Nutritionist. He can be
a talented bodybuilder and head coach for Muscle and Brawn.
With his data and expertise, he provides personalized training,
nutrition, and recovery guidance to help shoppers reach their
health targets. Since it's not as dense as Take A
Look At Prop, the dose needed to reach the same blood levels as Prop may be larger,
and it actually comes right down to a private choice. Utilizing dissociative medication illictly
can be dangerous and can outcome in critical damage and/or psychological trauma.


Megestrol acetate (Ovaban) and medroxyprogesterone are essentially the most generally used progestins in canines.
Potential unwanted effects embody increased urge for food and thirst, behavioral changes and mammary-gland enlargement.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and estriol (Incurin) are the
extra commonly used synthetic variations of estrogen. These steroid hormones are used to deal
with urinary incontinence in spayed female dogs.
Estrogens can also be given to female canines to encourage them to come back into warmth or to
intact male canines to deal with benign prostatic hypertrophy.

However, studies counsel that such elevations in blood pressure aren't as severe from
testosterone in comparison with more potent anabolic steroids.
Thus, testosterone is the least cardiotoxic steroid
in our expertise. In small doses for brief quantities of time, when their use is monitored by a health
care provider, anabolic steroids have decrease threat of long-term or dangerous
unwanted aspect effects. You may be conversant in men who will
do anything to keep away from the event of gynecomastia when using steroids as a result of high
estrogen levels. But… When it comes to feminine PED use,
it’s the reduction in breast dimension that you just need to be
aware of as a aspect impact. While this aspect impact isn't prone to develop as shortly as voice modifications or hair growth, it’s a reminder of why keeping lower doses and utilizing milder compounds is crucial.
The addition of the thyroid hormone Cytomel in this advanced cycle assists in regulating metabolism and energy.

Each steroid cycle you complete will include useful lessons that will serve
you properly into the future. These will include optimistic lessons about the results you’ve achieved, however
much more necessary is how you’ll discover steroids’ adverse impacts throughout and after every cycle.
While this might seem time-consuming, it's the solely method to get yourself into
an advanced steroid consumer category. Tapering down allows your physique sufficient time to get
ranges back to regular naturally, with gradually lowering help throughout PCT.


References:


PedsElite



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ʯ��Ā) :nɧց及Ǥ『& -- [未验证] Cathy (2025-11-01 06:56:26)
Apart from steroids, athletes typically use non-steroidal compounds that primarily include
human growth hormone and insulin-like development issue.
Even although they're normally prescribed for medical reasons, they're usually misused for efficiency
enhancement. Medicinal treatment of steroid abuse, particularly if
that use lasts longer than a yr, can embody clomiphene.
This helps to extend blood ranges of essential hormones,
including testosterone, and might help to normalize hormone ranges and scale back withdrawal effects.
Antagonistic effects are quite common in steroid users,
with some affecting over 10% of users.
Advanced customers who use peptides, HCG, insulin, and different non-steroid compounds generally use insulin syringes.
If you’re committed to utilizing injectables for a full cycle and future cycles, you’ll want
to refill on all of the requirements; this contains syringes, pins, and different supplies.
As a new steroid consumer, you may not even know what
a few of these items are except you’ve labored within the medical
area. Even if you’ve injected a couple of instances already, you’ll need to ensure you’re doing it right each
time to get one of the best results and keep your well being.


To fight hepatotoxicity, our patients frequently take liver help dietary Zero-Side-Effect Strength Building Supplements,
similar to milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Anecdotally, we've found that such supplementation stabilizes rising
ALT and AST ranges. Thus, we often discover ALT and AST liver
enzymes rising throughout a Dianabol cycle.
In contrast to males, many of those antagonistic events in the feminine anabolic steroid consumer is probably not transient (Pavlatos et al.,
2001). AAS customers somewhat generally experience erectile dysfunction (65), with 8% of topics within the HAARLEM
research reporting it at baseline and 12% reporting to have experienced
it throughout AAS use. Three months after ceasing
AAS use and 1 year after the beginning of the AAS cycle it was reported by 14% and 1% of users, respectively.

None of these modifications were considerably totally different from baseline,
which could be a type II error. However, since not all AAS users
completed observe up, attrition bias might also (partly) clarify the distinction.
I’d use 0.5mg of Arimidex every day while running Deca or 10 mg of Aromasin daily.

Most guys will discover they can get everything out of Nandrolone at
average doses, and the old-school guys back in the day weren’t known to be taking excessive doses of
anything. Suppose I needed to choose the two most helpful features of Nandrolone that make it stand out from other
AAS. In that case, it’s the a lot larger rate
of nitrogen retention, plus the incredible collagen and bone mineral
activity, which we don’t see at this level with different PEDs.
Useless to say, Nandrolone has confirmed invaluable to bodybuilders for close to 60 years, and this means we now have a complete understanding of what this AAS does and how it does it.

Extreme endogenous testosterone suppression also can contribute to decreased well-being.
After finishing a steroid cycle, your body’s natural testosterone manufacturing can be compromised.
When you complete a steroid cycle, post cycle therapy (PCT) may help you get again on track, this protocol is designed to boost testosterone
again to wholesome ranges. PCT must be performed beneath a certified physician’s care to ensure its effectiveness and security.

It is crucial to note that each particular person could react
in one other way to Primobolan, and the incidence and severity of unwanted effects can differ.
Consulting with a healthcare professional skilled in anabolic steroid usage is very
recommended to ensure personalised steerage and monitoring.
By following accountable utilization protocols,
being conscious of potential unwanted effects, and using applicable mitigation strategies,
people can mitigate dangers and maximize the benefits of Primobolan.
Ingesting steroidal tablets for a period of less than 3 weeks just isn't prone to
result in any significant opposed effects. However, you may develop unwanted effects should you take them for
an extended period or at a better dose. The estrogenic nature of Equipoise,
although gentle, is because of the testosterone hormone’s interaction with the aromatase enzyme.
This leads the testosterone hormone to being transformed to estrogen, and as estrogen ranges rise this will promote the aforementioned
effects. By together with an anti-estrogen, corresponding
to an Aromatase Inhibitor (AI) or Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) we are ready
to defend from these side effects of Equipoise.
It jokingly got here to be known as "the breakfast of champions" in sports
circles. Methyltestosterone is metabolized by aromatase to the potent
estrogen 17-alpha methyl estradiol and can be decreased by 5AR to 17-alpha methyl dihydrotestosterone.
Dr. Tina M. St. John owns and operates a well being communications and consulting firm.

She is also an completed medical writer and editor, and
was formerly a senior medical officer with the us
The time period "anabolic steroids" is used to check with a group
of synthetic substances that mimic the effects of male intercourse
hormones such as testosterone. The medication promote in each men and women the expansion of skeletal muscle (anabolic effects) and the event of male sexual characteristics (androgenic effects).

The efficacy of anabolic steroids in enhancing muscle power
and lean tissue accruement is now not an issue for debate.

While the problem of medical risks in people self-administering anabolic steroids remains to be being hotly debated, the medical
community is not denying the potential clinical use of these androgens (Dobs,
1999).



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ʯ��Ā) :nɧց及Ǥ『& -- [未验证] Henry (2025-11-01 06:38:20)
Use of clenbuterol is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency and the
Worldwide Olympic Committee. It Is important to know
these potential unwanted side effects before considering using
anabolic steroids. Steroids refer to exogenous hormones
folks take in the pursuit of reaching a sure goal. Medically, that might be management of ache, or lowering muscle wastage from illnesses like AIDS.
For efficiency pushed people, this refers to hormones or medication taken within the pursuit of gaining muscle,
shedding fat and/or growing recovery. You know you could
massively enhance your features with steroids however you’re additionally aware that there are large
health risks involved in taking place that route.
In managed trials, scientific indicators of liver injury because of
AAS use are certainly rare. In two double-blind randomized-controlled trials, hemodialysis patients received
100 mg oxymetholone every day for twenty-four weeks and none of these
sufferers developed signs of liver injury (108, 109). The
HAARLEM examine also discovered no (sub)acute medical indicators of
liver harm despite 67% of subjects reporting using
oral AAS (39). AAS are easily acquired via native sellers or the web, even though their trade, and sometimes also their use, is
unlawful in many countries. With an estimated global lifetime prevalence price of 3.3% (6.4% for
males and 1.6% for females) (2), nearly each practising
physician will present care for an AAS person at some point in their career.
Although, after all, the AAS user will not essentially disclose his use of AAS or present
with unwanted aspect effects caused by it.
We have seen Turinabol used as a bulking agent among beginners, serving to them to build 15+ kilos of lean muscle; nevertheless, such gains
in hypertrophy are much less pronounced among experienced steroid customers.
The really helpful daily dose in children and adults is 1-5
mg/kg body weight per day. The traditional effective dose is 1-2 mg/kg/day however larger doses may be required, and the dose must be individualized.
Response isn't often quick, and a minimum trial of three
How to Use Primobolan Oral for Lean Muscle six months must be given. Following
remission, some sufferers could additionally be maintained with out the drug; others may be maintained
on an established decrease daily dosage. A continued upkeep dose is often essential in sufferers with congenital aplastic anemia.

Anavar is certainly one of the very few anabolic steroids that can be utilized by women with a relatively low danger of
virilization—if dosed appropriately.
Still, most ladies will find that Anavar is extra well-tolerated in phrases of controlling
the unwanted effects. For ladies who wish to use
Winstrol, the oral kind solely is recommended, and doses must
be stored very low to avoid virilization. Legal Guidelines and rules
will vary across the world in relation to shopping for and using anabolic steroids like Anavar.
However in most countries, it might possibly solely be bought on the
black market, and Anavar is mostly priced higher than plenty of other steroids.
In the Usa, it is unlawful to purchase or use Anavar with no prescription from a doctor.

Anavar itself is derived from DHT (dihydrotestosterone), with
some slight alterations to the construction of the hormone.

As Soon As the upper dose of those more extreme bodybuilders is stopped, virilization ought to subside – however, this isn't guaranteed, especially with extended and repeated
use. This is why such users will goal to use excessive doses right
earlier than a competition, to realize maximum muscle
definition and dryness and then ideally enable the physique to recuperate with out steroids
afterward. In these extra excessive circumstances, women can be utilizing 15mg or even 20mg of Winstrol every day.
Even if used for less than two weeks earlier than a contest, this dosage stage will almost certainly begin causing virilization. Anyone in addition to
essentially the most superior hardcore bodybuilders mustn't consider using Winstrol above 10mg daily.
Water-based injectables like Winstrol Depot are notorious for PIP (post-injection pain) and,
in severe cases, for other points like swelling and abscesses.


Anabolic steroids additionally upregulate and improve the number of androgen receptors, thus enabling elevated training intensity and
not directly contributing to increased muscle measurement and power.
Anabolic steroids, also referred to as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), might help construct muscle and improve athletic performance,
however they will even have important adverse effects, particularly
when used incorrectly. Anabolic steroids are medicines which are manufactured
forms of testosterone. The technical term for these compounds is "anabolic-androgenic steroids"
(AAS). "Anabolic" refers to tissue building (mainly muscle),
and "androgenic" refers to a gaggle of intercourse hormones known as androgens.

Consequently, a person’s pure testosterone manufacturing
will take longer to recover when finally coming off Anavar.
A few of our sufferers have skilled insomnia or difficulty sleeping on anabolic steroids,
including Anavar. This can persist for the primary few weeks of a cycle,
and then sleep patterns typically improve. Clenbuterol is usually referred to as
a cutting steroid like Anavar. However, clenbuterol isn't an anabolic steroid;
due to this fact, we do not see it affecting natural
testosterone levels to any vital diploma. The root cause of gynecomastia is hormonal, ensuing from an imbalance of
androgenic and estrogenic action on breast tissue (201).
Extra particularly, gynecomastia results from an absolute or relative deficiency of androgenic, or absolute or relative excess of estrogenic, motion on breast tissue.


Sticking with tablets is generally the best way to go, and they shouldn’t
cost that a lot. Often steroids can safely be used
safely in pregnant or breastfeeding women. The lowest dose
potential for the shortest potential amount of time can be used.

As properly as gaining weight, some folks develop puffiness across the
face and at the base of the neck. Alongside with increased
muscle mass, an enormous enhance in strength could be expected.



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ʯ��Ā) :nɧց及Ǥ『& -- [未验证] Mose (2025-11-01 05:16:47)
These documents cope with the systematic state-sponsored
programme of doping of athletes and included scientific reports,
doctoral theses and a hand-written protocol guide giving
the occasions and dosage of administration of anabolic steroids to athletes.
A Quantity Of thousand athletes have been treated with anabolic steroids yearly, together with adolescents of every
intercourse. Specific emphasis was positioned on the administration of
anabolic steroids to girls and adolescent girls, despite
the virilizing effects, due to the rapid gains in sporting efficiency.

It is essential to note that the GDR scientists established (to themselves) that ‘androgenic initiation' has permanent results
in women and girls, where increases in strength
and efficiency do not return to pretreatment values after the drug is withdrawn.
As such, efforts have been made to finish gonadotropin suppression by including
progestins. Whereas the addition of a progestin results in nearly undetectable gonadotropin levels, and consequently to azoospermia
or severe oligozoospermia within the vast majority of men, a small
percentage of males stay probably fertile (183, 184). One reason for this could be that the low intratesticular
testosterone ranges derived from the circulation proceed to stimulate spermatogenesis
in some males (180). In the HAARLEM research, almost
all subjects had undetectable LH and FSH ranges during AAS use.
Nonetheless, only two-thirds of topics were azoo- or oligozoospermic at
the finish of their cycle (176). There was no affiliation between the period of the AAS Comment choisir la dur閑 id閍le du cycle Dbol and the degree of suppression of spermatogenesis.

In a research from our group (Pope et al., 2004), 20 (56%) of 36
AAS users reported that they'd never disclosed their AAS use to any doctor that they'd seen. The associate preference check is carried out by
placing the experimental male in a three-compartment apparatus.
A sexually receptive female is in one compartment and
an ovariectomized sexually non-receptive female is in the different compartment.
The amount of time spent in every compartment is measured
(Everitt, 1990; Feinberg et al., 1997).
Stories of Eastern-bloc athletes receiving testosterone and AASs as part of their training regimens as early because the 1950s
abound. The Eastern-bloc weightlifters and monitor athletes
subsequently dominated the athletic stage for decades.
Properly over a thousand different compounds have been synthesized and studied for the explanation that Fifties
in the hope of producing compounds that have an anabolic or androgenic impact superior to that
of testosterone. Biochemists quickly famous that additions
or subtractions to the testosterone molecule at particular places
would have a considerably predictable impact on the inherent qualities of said compound.

Particularly, qualities together with (but not restricted to) anabolic/androgenic ratio,
metabolism, receptor affinity, and oral efficacy had been famous.

Exogenous AAS use is a rising public well being concern among predominantly male recreational athletes,
with its true prevalence underestimated given the standard clandestine nature of
its use. Supraphysiological dosing of AAS have been linked to—and is likely
causal for—several deleterious CV and non-CV outcomes.

Recognition of the precise particulars of the user’s AAS publicity is essential for his
or her medical administration. Administration strategies
for male infertility secondary to AAS induced hypogonadism ought to give attention to the underlying
hypogonadal state [105,106]. In Accordance to a current examine, continual AAS abuse
ought to be thought-about when a muscular man presents with hypogonadism, onset of gynecomastia or hirsutism.
A Quantity Of research highlighted that prolonged androgen exposure has a direct poisonous impact
on kidneys, particularly glomerular cells, causing accumulation of mesangial
matrix, podocyte depletion and structural adaptations [26,87,88,89].


Moreover, one other examine demonstrated that supraphysiological doses of AASs impair the useful effects of physical activity
on hippocampal cell proliferation and apoptotic signaling [41].
Endurance exercise improves the redox system steadiness by
stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane, resulting in a reduction of apoptotic
results of ND in neural cells [25]. Flowchart
of optimistic and negative results of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) administration. Prolonged and high doses
of testosterone and his derivatives lead to critical penalties in all body tissues and organs.
Opposed results are very common in steroid users, with some
affecting over 10% of customers.
The psychological impression of anabolic steroid misuse additional complicates
the overall health and wellbeing of customers. It is crucial for individuals to learn about these potential long-term and infrequently irreversible results when considering anabolic steroid use, underscoring the
importance of weighing these substantial well being dangers towards the short-term gains.
Taken as a whole, these research indicate that pubertal
AAS exposure can alter mind plasticity in the
limbic areas of the brain through neurotransmitters and structural
changes. The limbic regions, such because the hypothalamus, amygdala,
and hippocampus, assist a broad range of features that include aggression, reproductive behaviors, studying,
and appropriate responses to external stimuli (Sokolowski and Corbin, 2012).

Modulation of this area of the mind, especially by AAS publicity in the course of the crucial
interval of puberty, might increase the likelihood
of behavioral and emotional disorders. While these areas
additionally include excessive concentrations of androgen receptors, it is
notable that androgen receptor binding levels weren't correlated with AAS-induced adjustments in conduct
(Wesson and McGinnis, 2006).
This prompted an evaluation for attainable latent autoimmune
diabetes in adults (LADA). Insulin antibodies, Islet cell antibodies, and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody
(GAD) were obtained and negative. An autoimmune element was ruled out and his overall analysis was according to type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM). Electrocardiogram was obtained and was significant for left axis deviation however otherwise
no other vital findings (Figure 1).
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) may be lowered by AASs and end in lowered whole T4 ranges,
with free T4 ranges remaining normal. An up-regulation of sex-hormone binding globulin,
with a concomitant lower in TBG, is believed to trigger the changes in whole T4 ranges.
Fluoxymesterone is a potent androgen that's produced beneath the brand name
Halotestin. It is a superb substrate for 5AR and conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) metabolites.

A Number Of factors affect a steroid’s strength and safety for every consumer, making it a fancy subject.
Other research described a lot of miRNAs (miR-141, miR-192, miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-205,
miR-429) with an increased expression profile in human nephrosclerosis biopsies (Wei et al., 2013).
It may be very interesting that miR-21, miR-203, and miR-205 confirmed higher ranges
in ovarian most cancers compared to normal ovary state, suggesting an important position as molecular biomarkers (Donadeu et al., 2017).



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ʯ��Ā) :nɧց及Ǥ『& -- [未验证] Hannah (2025-11-01 04:10:30)
Abusers who share or use contaminated needles are susceptible to infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or with the hepatitis B or C viruses.
Anabolic steroids are also thought of likely carcinogens by the Worldwide Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a department
of the World Health Group (WHO). Anabolic processes within the body are
responsible for progress and growth. These processes embody protein synthesis, cell division, and the production of
latest tissue. Testosterone is answerable for the development of masculine traits, such as a deep voice
and muscle tissue. When used correctly, anabolic steroids might help to construct muscle mass, enhance strength, and enhance endurance.

Steroids are often taken both by injecting them into the muscle tissue,
or by swallowing them in tablet form. Hi-ground offers a complete list of generally used AAS injectables and orals in Australia.
The possibilities you experience unwanted aspect effects goes up the longer you're taking
them, especially should you use them for a long time.
Your provider will assist you to understand the dangers and benefits earlier than you start any
new treatment. For instance, steroids may prevent the sort of worsening of kidney irritation that can trigger kidney failure in individuals who have autoimmune ailments like lupus or vasculitis.
They might assist these people avoid needing kidney dialysis or
a transplant.
The excessive ranges of hormone, mixed with a protein-rich food plan and proper train and rest can lead
to fast and significant muscular improvement [3].
Anabolic steroids are synthetic substances just like the male hormone testosterone.
Doctors prescribe them to treat issues similar to delayed puberty and other medical problems that trigger the body to make very low quantities of
testosterone. They additionally might cause puberty to begin out and might
help some boys who've a genetic disorder to grow more normally.
They should be used with care together with different medicine
that have the identical effect, together with warfarin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
medication (NSAIDs), and aspirin. Simultaneous use of anabolic steroids and corticosteroids will increase
the chance of foot and ankle swelling. They should
be used with extreme care in patients taking insulin or
other antidiabetic medication.
Common customers can ultimately succumb to liver failure,
and higher rates of cancer have also been reported
in steroid customers. This leads to a rise in skeletal muscle mass and
a reduction in fat, presumably because of a mechanism causing new cells
to become skeletal muscle cells quite than fats cells.
These dangerous boys are the ones that make headlines
in sports doping scandals. They’re the
muscle-pumping, strength-boosting compounds which have bodybuilders and athletes
salivating. However they’re additionally the ones that can turn your mind into a
psychological pinball machine.
Corticosteroids have a similar anti-inflammatory impact all through your body, but in a means your provider can change and adjust to suit your needs.
Cosa fare in caso di nausea con un ciclo di solo Dianabol 1991, Dr.
George Zahorian III was convicted of illegally supplying anabolic steroids.
The pressure to carry out and win at elite ranges drives many athletes to juice as they think doping
is their solely path to aggressive success. The important improvements steroids supply in building
muscle, energy, energy, and restoration give
juicers big benefits over those with pure physiques.
The term implies gaining an unfair and unsportsmanlike
benefit over the competitors by using substances banned by
athletic commissions and leagues.
They’re also recognized as glucocorticoids
or the shortened name steroids. Your supplier might
offer you a steroid through an injection, a cream for your skin or
a medication you take orally. Talk to your provider about potential unwanted effects before beginning a brand new corticosteroid.
Balancing the potential benefits of steroids with their psychological risks is a delicate act.
It’s a deeply personal choice, however one which should be made with full
awareness of the potential consequences. First and foremost, if
you’re contemplating utilizing steroids or are currently utilizing them, proper medical supervision is
absolutely essential.
The artificial highs induced by these substances can result in crushing lows when the consequences wear
off or when use is discontinued. It’s like your brain’s reward system has been so overstimulated that
it struggles to seek out pleasure in on a regular basis life.
And let’s not overlook about anxiousness – that fixed companion that whispers doubts and fears, whilst your muscular tissues
grow stronger. Your body naturally makes some steroids, which assist you to battle stress and grow greater throughout puberty.
There's additionally a kind of medication known as steroids that people may take if they've ache, asthma, or a skin drawback.

These terms play off the notion of athletes being hooked on steroids and depending on medicine for
their accomplishments rather than pure skill.
The diagnosis of anabolic steroid abuse in highschool, college,
and skilled athletes could occur with a failed drug check, however many individuals
who abuse these drugs are by no means randomly examined. Doctors often make the analysis when somebody develops one of the unwanted aspect effects of steroid use.
People abuse steroids for a wide selection of
reasons, however most do it to extend body efficiency and appearance.


These risks embody liver disease, high blood pressure and ldl cholesterol, acne, severe mood swings (often known as "roid rage"), and psychological dependence.

Steroids can be taken as tablets, by way of pores and skin patches, and by injection. Injection happens into large muscle groups (buttocks,
thigh, or shoulder) or underneath the skin, however not into veins.
Instances of AIDS have been reported in steroid customers because of
needle sharing.
Any dose and frequency changes should maintain the testosterone concentration between four
hundred and seven-hundred ng/dL. However, some consultants advocate
checking the peak testosterone levels, that are greatest obtained 2
days after an IM injection as soon as upkeep ranges are reached.
The goal is to keep the height stage in the middle third
of the conventional vary, keep away from the potential toxicity
of supernormal testosterone levels, and relieve the specific symptom of
hypogonadism that justified its use initially. There is not any have to examine trough ranges if the affected person just isn't symptomatic.
Some individuals use AASs illegally to spice up muscle size, strength, and stamina or reduce the time
it takes to recover between workouts. If you inject anabolic steroids and share a needle with others, you're
at nice threat of getting HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis
C.



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