姑苑玛：“土木之变”与明蒙使者往来 …… 长城小站:《中国长城文献资料数据库》

《“土木之变”与明蒙使者往来》
　　　　　A Study of "The event of Tumubuu" and Contacts between Ming and Mongol Emissary
作　　者：姑苑玛
　　　　　内蒙古大学蒙古学研究中心，内蒙古呼和浩特010021
出　　处：蒙古学集刊 2009年第4期
发表时间：2009-11-18
分类号：K248
文　　摘：

正统年间，明蒙通使往来达到了一个高峰。正统末年，反剌也先发动了对明战争。明英宗在土木堡（今河北省怀来东）被俘。事变发生后，明蒙围绕此事，频繁遣使弥缝，力图挽回局面。虽事变给明蒙关系带来的阴影长时间挥之不去，但双方的使者为顺利解决事件发挥了重要作用。

关键词：土木之变使者往来
正　　文：

　　从洪武初年始，明廷就采取军事征服和政治拉拢相结合的策略，以军事与经济实力为依托，不断地向蒙古派出各类使者，执行各种使命。终明之世，明蒙间的使者交通虽然层次有高低，往来有疏密，但一直没有中断过。
　　宣德而后，瓦剌势力在蒙古高原取得了绝对 ……

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参考文献：

注释

①王雄：《关于阿台汗》，载《蒙古史研究》第五辑，内蒙古大学出版社，1997年。据宝音德力根考证，阿台可汗在位时间应为1410-1437年（宝音德力根《15世纪中叶前的北元可汗世系及政局》，载《蒙古史研究》第六辑，内蒙古大学出版社，2000年）。

参考文献

[1]明实录[M].景泰四年冬十月成戌，台湾中央研究院历史语言研究所，1962.
[2]张庭玉.明史[M].卷328，《反剌传》，北京：中华书局，1974. 8499.
[3]陈子龙辑.明经世文编[M].卷十九，胡逢《论虑情疏》，北京：中华书局，1962.
[4]明英宗实录[M].景泰三年闰九月丙戌.
[5]明英宗实录[M].正统七年二月乙即，十年十二月丙寅.
[6]明英宗实录[M].正统七年正月癸未，九月乙丑，九月庚辰；白翠琴.从经济交流看反刺与中原地区的关系[A].中国史学会成立大会纪念集刊[C].中国蒙古史学会编印，1979.
[7]明史[M].卷327，《I达黎传》.
[8]明英宗实录[M].景泰元年七月癸亥；[清]谷应泰.明史纪事本末[M].卷之三十三，《景帝极守御〉〉，北京：中化书局，1977;李实.北使录[A].明代蒙古汉籍史料汇编[C].第一辑，内蒙古大学出版社，1993.
[9]明英宗实录[M].景泰元年七月己巳、庚午，八月壬申、辛巳、丙戌、癸巳；明史纪事本末[M].卷之三十三，《景帝登极守御》.

收稿日期：2009-11-18;

基金项目：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地内蒙古大学蒙古学研究中心基地重大项目（批准号08nD85()214);

作者简介：姑甚玛（1970—),女，蒙古族，内蒙古通辽市扎鲁特旗人。内蒙古大学蒙古学研究中心助理研究员，博士，主要从事蒙古历史研究。

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it could be corrected only via surgery, which is harmful.

AIs could additionally be used instead to
prevent gynecomastia, providing protection from high estrogen and progesterone.
However, as previously talked about, AIs can worsen blood pressure.

Thus, we only incorporate them if users start to observe
early indicators of gynecomastia.
If you don’t full a PCT, your T levels will stop, resulting in low mood, fatigue, lack of
libido and poor sexual efficiency. With the potential for Dianabol to have some critically scary results on your liver, many who
do select to use Dbol look for methods to help their health alongside their cycle.
In order to strive cut back the unwanted aspect effects of Dianabol, many
go for Dianabol stacking. This route entails ‘stacking’ Dbol
with one other steroid – kickstarting the cycle with Dbol earlier than finishing with another.
As we coated briefly before now, Dianabol has a considerably quick ‘shelf life’, which is
why bodybuilders are inclined to stagger the dose
throughout the day. Due to the poisonous impact Dbol can have on your liver,
it is suggested that continued use of Dianabol is between four and 6 weeks.
It is very recommended you do not exceed the 6 week period,
and allow a minimal of 6 weeks post-cycle to allow your liver to get well.

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�Ĕ逢：“΁ľ֮�䡱ԫķĉ -- [未验证] Kris (2025-06-27 00:08:43)

RANK OF CARDS – A (high), 10, K, Q, J, 9 (low) in every of the 4 suits, with two of every card.
When duplicates are played to similar trick (as two Q♠) the primary performed hand ranks greater.
If the Player on the first position, and the Player on the 2nd position, were
to both play an Ace trump card, the player on the first position would take the trick.
Even card sport specialists might want a cheat sheet every so often to refresh their reminiscence in regards to the
scoring and point system of Pinochle. The Team or Participant that bids the best firstly of the hand is allowed to declare the trump suit.
The participant clockwise of the vendor is obligated to bid.
The supplier position also shifts clockwise, meaning
that the player obligated to bid within the earlier hand would be the supplier within the present hand.

If aplayer has melded a Royal Marriage and they later add the A, 10, and Jor trumps for a run, they only score
an additional a hundred and ten factors insteadof 150. Every of these meld types allows
you to accrue points effectively. By mastering them, you possibly can improve your strategy and enhance your probabilities
of profitable via precise scoring. Pinochle is performed with the "Bidder Out" rule turned
on by default at World of Card Video Games. Nonetheless, the option can be unchecked to play with the
rule that the excessive score all the time wins.
You cannot inform your associate verbally how many meld factors you might have, however
you'll be able to sign it by choosing your bid fastidiously.

However, in most 4-player variations, partners are chosen and two gamers
type a staff to compete towards the others. In case non-declaring team doesn't make factors
whereas taking methods, they might fail to attain any factors while melding.
If they score 9 of Trumps they would save
themselves. If they're ready to rating tricks, the factors earned via melds could be added to their previous rating.
If the entire of the bidder's meld and points received in play adds up to less than the
bid, the bidder goes set. He doesn't rating something for his meld nor for factors won in play; as a substitute the amount that was bid is subtracted from his score.

Learning the totally different meld varieties and how to count them
enhances your ability to strategize effectively.
Focus on maximizing your factors by way of cautious planning of melds during bids and performs.

As a quite simple instance, suppose you could have two Pinochles in your
hand. A Pinochle is a "meld" made up of a Queen of Spades and Jack of Diamonds.
Wouldn't it's nice when you could just tell your
associate "I've received 2 Pinochles"?
If you don't want to concede, desk your natural melds and announce the swimsuit of your alternative as
trump. The goal of the sport, then, is to score a minimal of as many factors as
you bid in the course of the public sale, with no penalty for going over.
If this dream is your dream, then learn on and learn to play Pinochle.

"Yes" hides the points taken in the course of the
hand displayed next to every player’s name. The card rating, from highest
to lowest, is Ace, 10, King, Queen, Jack, and 9.

Counters are valued at 10 factors apiece, whereas losers are value nothing.
One purpose of the sport is to win as many counters as attainable in your tips.
The last trick is worth an additional 10 points, so the
whole number of factors out there to be won in each hand is 250.
The object of the sport is to be the first player to score 1,000 points.
Points are scored via melds and successful methods that embrace aces,
tens, kings, or queens. Play moves clockwise,
with every participant having to play a card in the same suit that was led whenever potential.
If a player cannot comply with the lead swimsuit, he/she has
to play a trump suited card.
The participant with the very best bid wins the proper to declare the trump swimsuit.
If nobody bids, the bid is dropped on the vendor and she or he should make an automated bid of fifty.
In Partnership Pinochle, gamers interact in a bidding warfare to determine the trump go well
with.
Notice that a "marriage" in Pinochle play is made up of
Kings and Queens of the same swimsuit. When the
swimsuit is trump, a "trump marriage" meld is made and forty factors are scored.
When the go properly with is not trump, the marriage is worth 20 factors.

Unsuited Kings and Queens can't be married (for instance, the King of Hearts cannot be married to the Queen of Diamonds).

It’s also necessary to be strategic when selecting your melds and taking half
in your cards to win methods. There are some variations within the guidelines when playing pinochle with
simply two folks. For instance, in two-player pinochle, the participant who wins the bid can choose to play with the kitty, also identified as the dummy hand.
Additionally, the minimal bid is normally greater in two-player pinochle.
The player to the left of the dealer begins the bidding by making a bid or passing.

(Total of 250 factors to be taken in play.)The first participant to get a total of 1200 points wins the sport.
In this element John Hay's description differs from the standard rules given in most American card recreation books.
In the e-book version, the trick winner melds before drawing a new card
from the deck. So if the newly drawn card completes a
meld the player might want to win another trick earlier than they're allowed to show
and rating it. Pinochle is a captivating card sport
that combines strategy, social interaction, and teamwork.

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�Ĕ逢：“΁ľ֮�䡱ԫķĉ -- [未验证] Columbus (2025-06-26 22:23:45)

Zus鋞zlich zu der Tatsache, dass es in Type von Injektionen erh鋖tlich ist, finden Sie Wachstumshormon auch
in Tablettenform. Daher lohnt es sich herauszufinden, welche
Empfehlungen f黵 eine bestimmte Zubereitungsart sowie im Kontext der Gesundheit einer bestimmten Individual gelten. H鰄ere HGH-Werte sind daher mit einer besseren Erholung
nach dem Coaching sowie zufriedenstellenderen Ergebnissen in Type
attraktiverer Muskeln verbunden. Es wird auch darauf hingewiesen, dass HGH eine optimistic Wirkung auf den Stoffwechsel hat.

Dies wiederum bedeutet eine Reduzierung des K鰎perfetts, was besonders
f黵 K鰎persportler wichtig ist, bei denen ein geringer Fettanteil in der K鰎perzusammensetzung von gro遝r Bedeutung ist.
Die Wirkung von HGH ist nachts am st鋜ksten, da der K鰎per
im Schlaf beginnt, es zu produzieren.
Konsultieren Sie immer einen Arzt oder einen sachkundigen Berater, bevor Sie mit einer neuen Behandlung mit HGH beginnen. In diesem Zyklus werden 黚er einen l鋘geren Zeitraum niedrigere HGH-Dosen verwendet, um
den Auswirkungen des Alterns entgegenzuwirken.
Dazu k鰊nen eine verbesserte Hautelastizit鋞, ein erh鰄tes Energieniveau und eine verbesserte kognitive Funktion geh鰎en. Dieser Zyklus wird h鋟fig von Bodybuildern verwendet, die Muskelmasse aufbauen m鯿hten. Dabei handelt es sich in der Regel um
h鰄ere HGH-Dosierungen 黚er einen k黵zeren Zeitraum. Studien haben gezeigt, dass HGH das Ged鋍htnis und die Lernf鋒igkeit verbessern und m鰃licherweise den mit dem Alter
verbundenen kognitiven Verfall verz鰃ern kann. Ein HGH-Mangel ist ein Zustand,
bei dem der K鰎per nicht gen黦end HGH produziert.

Der Wert des menschlichen Wachstumhormons Somatropin ist schwer
nachweisbar. HGH wird in den ersten Stunden des Schlafes in der Hirnanhangsdr黶e ausgesch黷tet und ist
mit hauptverantwortlich f黵 den k鰎perlichen Wachstums (daher der Name Wachstumshormon).
Es wird jedoch auch nachdem man ausgewachsen ist weiterhin im K鰎per produziert, solange keine St鰎ung des Hormonhaushalts vorliegt.

Wenn Sie Nebenwirkungen bemerken, wenden Sie sich an Ihren Arzt, Apotheker oder das medizinische
Fachpersonal. Dies gilt auch f黵 Nebenwirkungen, die nicht
in dieser Packungsbeilage angegeben sind. Wenn Sie weitere Fragen zur Anwendung des Arzneimittels haben, fragen Sie Ihren Arzt oder Apotheker.
Wenn Sie eine viel gr鲞ere Menge als vorgesehen injizieren, informieren Sie Ihren Arzt oder Apotheker so schnell
wie m鰃lich.
Beim menschlichen Wachstumshormon ist ein Fettabbau fast sofort zu beobachten, aber die Auswirkungen eines Anstiegs der
Muskelmasse sind weniger offensichtlich und manifestieren sich h鋟fig in den sp鋞eren Wochen und Monaten der Anwendung.

Die Wirkungen des HGH wirken synergistisch mit anabolen Steroiden, was
f黵 den dramatischen Muskelzuwachs aus einer solchen Kombination verantwortlich ist.
Vor allem anabole Steroide erh鰄en den Spiegel von IGF-1 im K鰎per und senken die IGF-1-Bindungsproteine.
T3 (Schilddr黶enhormon) wird h鋟fig neben dem menschlichen Wachstumshormon eingesetzt, um die Wirkung des HGH auf die Schilddr黶e auszugleichen Output, und auch den dramatischen Fettabbau zu erh鰄en. Bodybuilder HGH on-line kaufen von Web Sites wie Balkan Pharma wegen den Spritzen HGH helfen Stress abzubauen. Bodybuilder setzen sich beim Training enormen k鰎perlichen und
mentalen Belastungen aus.
Die Dosis f黵 Kinder h鋘gt von deren K鰎pergewicht und K鰎peroberfl鋍he ab.
Sp鋞er h鋘gt die Dosis von Ihrer K鰎perh鰄e, Ihrem Gewicht, Geschlecht und Ihrem Ansprechen auf Wachstumshormon ab
und wird so lange angepasst, bis Sie auf die richtige Dosis eingestellt sind.
Wenden Sie dieses Arzneimittel immer genau nach Absprache mit
Ihrem Arzt an. Fragen Sie bei Ihrem Arzt oder Apotheker nach, wenn
Sie sich nicht sicher sind. 謘trogen zur oralen (durch den Mund) Einnahme oder
andere Geschlechtshormone. Informieren Sie Ihren Arzt oder Apotheker, wenn Sie andere Arzneimittel anwenden, k黵zlich andere Arzneimittel angewendet haben oder beabsichtigen andere Arzneimittel anzuwenden. Die Anwendung von Norditropin� FlexPro�
kann bei Dopingkontrollen zu positiven Ergebnissen f黨ren.
Die fl黶sige Type des Wachstumshormons ist sofort einsatzbereit, was
eine einfache Handhabung mit minimaler Handhabung erm鰃licht.

Die Herstellung vermeidet die sch鋎licheren Phasen der Lyophilisierung und erh鰄t Stabilit鋞 und Wirksamkeit.
Das Wachstumshormon wird auch in Anti-Aging-Behandlungen eingesetzt, um
verschiedenen altersbedingten Problemen entgegenzuwirken, von schlechter Hauttextur 黚er erh鰄tes Bauchfett bis hin zur
Verringerung der Knochendichte. Indem es die Oxidation von Aminos鋟ren hemmt und die Proteinsynthese steigert, erh鰄t das Wachstumshormon signifikant die Muskelmasse, was durch anabole Steroide und IGF-1 weiter verbessert wird.
Wachstumshormon beeinflusst indirekt K鰎perfunktionen durch seine Rolle bei der IGF-1-Synthese, hat aber auch direkte Wirkungen, indem es mit
spezifischen Rezeptoren auf Zellen interagiert. Bei der ersten Bestellung bei stero.is warfare
der Versand sehr schnell und diskret und die Preise sind gut.
Unsere internen professionellen Experten oder Teams sind
umfassend geschult, um alles zu liefern, von personalisierten Behandlungspl鋘en bis hin zur Beratung zu jedem einzelnen Punkt.

Sollte sich ein schwerer Wachstumshormonmangel best鋞igen, so wird der Arzt dazu raten, die Behandlung mit Genotropin MiniQuick fortzusetzen. Genotropin MiniQuick ist ein rekombinantes menschliches Wachstumshormon (auch Somatropin genannt).
Es hat die gleiche molekulare Struktur wie das nat黵liche menschliche Wachstumshormon, das zum Wachstum von Knochen und Muskeln ben鰐igt wird.
Au遝rdem tr鋑t es dazu bei, dass sich Fett- und Muskelgewebe im richtigen Ma遝 entwickeln. Die Bezeichnung
_rekombinant" bedeutet, dass dieses Wachstumshormon nicht aus menschlichem oder tierischem Gewebe gewonnen wird. Anschlie遝nd muss die Dosis erst wieder neu eingestellt werden, wenn Sie mit einem neuen Pen beginnen oder von Ihrem Arzt oder dem medizinischen Fachpersonal entsprechend angewiesen werden.
Machen Sie einen Schritt zur Optimierung Ihres Wohlbefindens und entfalten Sie Ihr Potenzial, indem Sie unsere vertrauensw黵dige Kollektion von Hilma Biocare HGH und Peptiden erkunden und heute bequem Ihre Bestellung online aufgeben. In klinischen Studien wurde festgestellt, dass HGH Frag au遝r der bereits erw鋒nten Stimulierung der Lipolyse und der Hemmung der Lipogenese keine weiteren positiven oder negativen Auswirkungen des Wachstumshormons hat. Als Hersteller von HGH-Hormon,wir haben gute qualit鋞 HGH 10iu zum verkauf.Allgemein, Die Qualit鋞 von HGH 10iu wird durch zwei Aspekte bestimmt.
Wenn Sie sich von einer Verletzung erholen m鯿hten, k鰊nen Sie Ihre Dosis auf eight bis 16 IE pro Tag erh鰄en. Mindestens three bis 5 Mal pro Woche im Fitnessstudio zu trainieren, kann harte Arbeit sein. Mit Injektionen vonHGH, Bodybuilder k鰊nen ihre verbessern Ausdauer und ihre St鋜ke physisch und mental. Sie f黨len sich beim Coaching im Fitnessstudio weniger m黡e und die allgemeine Ausdauer verbessert sich dramatisch. In den USA und vielen anderen L鋘dern ist es obligatorisch, dass HGH-Injektionen vor der Verwendung von einem qualifizierten Endokrinologen verschrieben werden. In Apotheken in diesen L鋘dern ist es nicht m鰃lich, HGH-Injektionen rezeptfrei zu erhalten.

References:

Apotheke

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�Ĕ逢：“΁ľ֮�䡱ԫķĉ -- [未验证] Garland (2025-06-24 22:12:43)

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By following these tips, you probably can improve your possibilities of acquiring a dependable and protected Anavar product.

Please observe that individual experiences could range,
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It is price noting that intermediate and superior Anavar cycles typically extend beyond 8 weeks,
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Lastly, Anavar� makes use of Epiandrosterone, which is an endogenous steroid hormone
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Being a 5alpha-reduced androgen (a DHT derivative) it merely can not aromatize to estrogens.

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To get a prescription for Anavar, you'll need to talk with a medical professional.

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